一、概述
1.Base64是什么：
Base64是网络上最常见的用于传输8Bit字节代码的编码方式之一，大家可以查看RFC2045～RFC2049，上面有MIME的详细规范。Base64编码可用于在HTTP环境下传递较长的标识信息。例如，在Java Persistence系统Hibernate中，就采用了Base64来将一个较长的唯一标识符（一般为128-bit的UUID）编码为一个字符串，用作HTTP表单和HTTP GET URL中的参数。在其他应用程序中，也常常需要把二进制数据编码为适合放在URL（包括隐藏表单域）中的形式。此时，采用Base64编码不仅比较简短，同时也具有不可读性，即所编码的数据不会被人用肉眼所直接看到
2.简介：
标准的Base64并不适合直接放在URL里传输，因为URL编码器会把标准Base64中的“/”和“+”字符变为形如“%XX”的形式，而这些“%”号在存入数据库时还需要再进行转换，因为ANSI SQL中已将“%”号用作通配符。
为解决此问题，可采用一种用于URL的改进Base64编码，它不在末尾填充'='号，并将标准Base64中的“+”和“/”分别改成了“*”和“-”，这样就免去了在URL编解码和数据库存储时所要作的转换，避免了编码信息长度在此过程中的增加，并统一了数据库、表单等处对象标识符的格式。
另有一种用于正则表达式的改进Base64变种，它将“+”和“/”改成了“!”和“-”，因为“+”,“*”以及前面在IRCu中用到的“[”和“]”在正则表达式中都可能具有特殊含义。
此外还有一些变种，它们将“+/”改为“_-”或“._”（用作编程语言中的标识符名称）或“.-”（用于XML中的Nmtoken）甚至“_:”（用于XML中的Name）。
Base64要求把每三个8Bit的字节转换为四个6Bit的字节（3*8 = 4*6 = 24），然后把6Bit再添两位高位0，组成四个8Bit的字节，也就是说，转换后的字符串理论上将要比原来的长1/3。
3.规则：
关于这个编码的规则：
①.把3个字符变成4个字符..
②.每76个字符加一个换行符..
③.最后的结束符也要处理..
这样说会不会太抽象了？不用着急，我们来看一个例子：
转换前： aaaaaabb ccccdddd eeffffff
转换后： 00aaaaaa 00bbcccc 00ddddee 00ffffff
应该很清楚了吧？上面的三个字节是原文，下面的四个字节是转换后的Base64编码，其前两位均为0。
转换后，我们用一个码表来得到我们想要的字符串（也就是最终的Base64编码）
二、java实现代码示例：
public final class Base64 { static private final int BASELENGTH = 255; static private final int LOOKUPLENGTH = 64; static private final int TWENTYFOURBITGROUP = 24; static private final int EIGHTBIT = 8; static private final int SIXTEENBIT = 16; static private final int SIXBIT = 6; static private final int FOURBYTE = 4; static private final int SIGN = -128; static private final char PAD = '='; static private final boolean fDebug = false; static final private byte[] base64Alphabet = new byte[BASELENGTH]; static final private char[] lookUpBase64Alphabet = new char[LOOKUPLENGTH]; static { for (int i = 0; i < BASELENGTH; i++) { base64Alphabet[i] = -1; } for (int i = 'Z'; i >= 'A'; i--) { base64Alphabet[i] = (byte) (i - 'A'); } for (int i = 'z'; i >= 'a'; i--) { base64Alphabet[i] = (byte) (i - 'a' + 26); } for (int i = '9'; i >= '0'; i--) { base64Alphabet[i] = (byte) (i - '0' + 52); } base64Alphabet['+'] = 62; base64Alphabet['/'] = 63; for (int i = 0; i <= 25; i++) lookUpBase64Alphabet[i] = (char) ('A' + i); for (int i = 26, j = 0; i <= 51; i++, j++) lookUpBase64Alphabet[i] = (char) ('a' + j); for (int i = 52, j = 0; i <= 61; i++, j++) lookUpBase64Alphabet[i] = (char) ('0' + j); lookUpBase64Alphabet[62] = (char) '+'; lookUpBase64Alphabet[63] = (char) '/'; } protected static boolean isWhiteSpace(char octect) { return (octect == 0x20 || octect == 0xd || octect == 0xa || octect == 0x9); } protected static boolean isPad(char octect) { return (octect == PAD); } protected static boolean isData(char octect) { return (base64Alphabet[octect] != -1); } protected static boolean isBase64(char octect) { return (isWhiteSpace(octect) || isPad(octect) || isData(octect)); } /** * Encodes hex octects into Base64 * * @param binaryData * Array containing binaryData * @return Encoded Base64 array */ public static String encode(byte[] binaryData) { if (binaryData == null) return null; int lengthDataBits = binaryData.length * EIGHTBIT; if (lengthDataBits == 0) { return ""; } int fewerThan24bits = lengthDataBits % TWENTYFOURBITGROUP; int numberTriplets = lengthDataBits / TWENTYFOURBITGROUP; int numberQuartet = fewerThan24bits != 0 ? numberTriplets + 1 : numberTriplets; int numberLines = (numberQuartet - 1) / 19 + 1; char encodedData[] = null; encodedData = new char[numberQuartet * 4 + numberLines]; byte k = 0, l = 0, b1 = 0, b2 = 0, b3 = 0; int encodedIndex = 0; int dataIndex = 0; int i = 0; if (fDebug) { System.out.println("number of triplets = " + numberTriplets); } for (int line = 0; line < numberLines - 1; line++) { for (int quartet = 0; quartet < 19; quartet++) { b1 = binaryData[dataIndex++]; b2 = binaryData[dataIndex++]; b3 = binaryData[dataIndex++]; if (fDebug) { System.out.println("b1= " + b1 + ", b2= " + b2 + ", b3= " + b3); } l = (byte) (b2 & 0x0f); k = (byte) (b1 & 0x03); byte val1 = ((b1 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b1 >> 2) : (byte) ((b1) >> 2 ^ 0xc0); byte val2 = ((b2 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b2 >> 4) : (byte) ((b2) >> 4 ^ 0xf0); byte val3 = ((b3 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b3 >> 6) : (byte) ((b3) >> 6 ^ 0xfc); if (fDebug) { System.out.println("val2 = " + val2); System.out.println("k4 = " + (k << 4)); System.out.println("vak = " + (val2 | (k << 4))); } encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[val1]; encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[val2 | (k << 4)]; encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[(l << 2) | val3]; encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[b3 & 0x3f]; i++; } encodedData[encodedIndex++] = 0xa; } for (; i < numberTriplets; i++) { b1 = binaryData[dataIndex++]; b2 = binaryData[dataIndex++]; b3 = binaryData[dataIndex++]; if (fDebug) { System.out.println("b1= " + b1 + ", b2= " + b2 + ", b3= " + b3); } l = (byte) (b2 & 0x0f); k = (byte) (b1 & 0x03); byte val1 = ((b1 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b1 >> 2) : (byte) ((b1) >> 2 ^ 0xc0); byte val2 = ((b2 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b2 >> 4) : (byte) ((b2) >> 4 ^ 0xf0); byte val3 = ((b3 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b3 >> 6) : (byte) ((b3) >> 6 ^ 0xfc); if (fDebug) { System.out.println("val2 = " + val2); System.out.println("k4 = " + (k << 4)); System.out.println("vak = " + (val2 | (k << 4))); } encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[val1]; encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[val2 | (k << 4)]; encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[(l << 2) | val3]; encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[b3 & 0x3f]; } // form integral number of 6-bit groups if (fewerThan24bits == EIGHTBIT) { b1 = binaryData[dataIndex]; k = (byte) (b1 & 0x03); if (fDebug) { System.out.println("b1=" + b1); System.out.println("b1<<2 = " + (b1 >> 2)); } byte val1 = ((b1 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b1 >> 2) : (byte) ((b1) >> 2 ^ 0xc0); encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[val1]; encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[k << 4]; encodedData[encodedIndex++] = PAD; encodedData[encodedIndex++] = PAD; } else if (fewerThan24bits == SIXTEENBIT) { b1 = binaryData[dataIndex]; b2 = binaryData[dataIndex + 1]; l = (byte) (b2 & 0x0f); k = (byte) (b1 & 0x03); byte val1 = ((b1 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b1 >> 2) : (byte) ((b1) >> 2 ^ 0xc0); byte val2 = ((b2 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b2 >> 4) : (byte) ((b2) >> 4 ^ 0xf0); encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[val1]; encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[val2 | (k << 4)]; encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[l << 2]; encodedData[encodedIndex++] = PAD; } encodedData[encodedIndex] = 0xa; return new String(encodedData); } /** * Decodes Base64 data into octects * * @param binaryData * Byte array containing Base64 data * @return Array containind decoded data. */ public static byte[] decode(String encoded) { if (encoded == null) return null; char[] base64Data = encoded.toCharArray(); // remove white spaces int len = removeWhiteSpace(base64Data); if (len % FOURBYTE != 0) { return null;// should be divisible by four } int numberQuadruple = (len / FOURBYTE); if (numberQuadruple == 0) return new byte[0]; byte decodedData[] = null; byte b1 = 0, b2 = 0, b3 = 0, b4 = 0, marker0 = 0, marker1 = 0; char d1 = 0, d2 = 0, d3 = 0, d4 = 0; int i = 0; int encodedIndex = 0; int dataIndex = 0; decodedData = new byte[(numberQuadruple) * 3]; for (; i < numberQuadruple - 1; i++) { if (!isData((d1 = base64Data[dataIndex++])) || !isData((d2 = base64Data[dataIndex++])) || !isData((d3 = base64Data[dataIndex++])) || !isData((d4 = base64Data[dataIndex++]))) return null;// if found "no data" just return null b1 = base64Alphabet[d1]; b2 = base64Alphabet[d2]; b3 = base64Alphabet[d3]; b4 = base64Alphabet[d4]; decodedData[encodedIndex++] = (byte) (b1 << 2 | b2 >> 4); decodedData[encodedIndex++] = (byte) (((b2 & 0xf) << 4) | ((b3 >> 2) & 0xf)); decodedData[encodedIndex++] = (byte) (b3 << 6 | b4); } if (!isData((d1 = base64Data[dataIndex++])) || !isData((d2 = base64Data[dataIndex++]))) { return null;// if found "no data" just return null } b1 = base64Alphabet[d1]; b2 = base64Alphabet[d2]; d3 = base64Data[dataIndex++]; d4 = base64Data[dataIndex++]; if (!isData((d3)) || !isData((d4))) {// Check if they are PAD characters if (isPad(d3) && isPad(d4)) { // Two PAD e.g. 3c[Pad][Pad] if ((b2 & 0xf) != 0)// last 4 bits should be zero return null; byte[] tmp = new byte[i * 3 + 1]; System.arraycopy(decodedData, 0, tmp, 0, i * 3); tmp[encodedIndex] = (byte) (b1 << 2 | b2 >> 4); return tmp; } else if (!isPad(d3) && isPad(d4)) { // One PAD e.g. 3cQ[Pad] b3 = base64Alphabet[d3]; if ((b3 & 0x3) != 0)// last 2 bits should be zero return null; byte[] tmp = new byte[i * 3 + 2]; System.arraycopy(decodedData, 0, tmp, 0, i * 3); tmp[encodedIndex++] = (byte) (b1 << 2 | b2 >> 4); tmp[encodedIndex] = (byte) (((b2 & 0xf) << 4) | ((b3 >> 2) & 0xf)); return tmp; } else { return null;// an error like "3c[Pad]r", "3cdX", "3cXd", "3cXX" // where X is non data } } else { // No PAD e.g 3cQl b3 = base64Alphabet[d3]; b4 = base64Alphabet[d4]; decodedData[encodedIndex++] = (byte) (b1 << 2 | b2 >> 4); decodedData[encodedIndex++] = (byte) (((b2 & 0xf) << 4) | ((b3 >> 2) & 0xf)); decodedData[encodedIndex++] = (byte) (b3 << 6 | b4); } return decodedData; } /** * remove WhiteSpace from MIME containing encoded Base64 data. * * @param data * the byte array of base64 data (with WS) * @return the new length */ protected static int removeWhiteSpace(char[] data) { if (data == null) return 0; // count characters that's not whitespace int newSize = 0; int len = data.length; for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) { if (!isWhiteSpace(data[i])) data[newSize++] = data[i]; } return newSize; } public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println(encode("中华人民共和国".getBytes())); }}