TCP連線
TCP的基礎是Socket,在TCP連線中,我們會使用ServerSocket和Socket,當客戶端和伺服器建立連線以後,剩下的基本就是對I/O的控制了。
我們先來看一個簡單的TCP通信,它分為客戶端和伺服器端。
客戶端程式碼如下:
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException
{
Socket socket = null;
BufferedReader br = null;
PrintWriter pw = null;
BufferedReader brTemp = null;
try
{
socket = new Socket(InetAddress.getLocalHost(), 5678);
br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream()));
pw = new PrintWriter(socket.getOutputStream());
brTemp = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
while(true)
{
String line = brTemp.readLine();
pw.println(line);
pw.flush();
if (line.equals("end")) break;
System.out.println(br.readLine());
}
}
catch(Exception ex)
{
System.err.println(ex.getMessage());
}
finally
{
if (socket != null) socket.close();
if (br != null) br.close();
if (brTemp != null) brTemp.close();
if (pw != null) pw.close();
}
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException
{
ServerSocket server = null;
Socket client = null;
BufferedReader br = null;
PrintWriter pw = null;
try
{
server = new ServerSocket(5678);
client = server.accept();
br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(client.getInputStream()));
pw = new PrintWriter(client.getOutputStream());
while(true)
{
String line = br.readLine();
pw.println("Response:" + line);
pw.flush();
if (line.equals("end")) break;
}
}
catch(Exception ex)
{
System.err.println(ex.getMessage());
}
finally
{
if (server != null) server.close();
if (client != null) client.close();
if (br != null) br.close();
if (pw != null) pw.close();
}
}
}
上面的程式碼基本上勾勒了TCP通訊過程中,客戶端和伺服器端的主要框架,我們可以發現,上述的程式碼中,伺服器端在任何時刻,都只能處理來自客戶端的一個請求,它是串行處理的,不能並行,這和我們印像裡的伺服器處理方式不太相同,我們可以為伺服器添加多線程,當一個客戶端的請求進入後,我們就創建一個線程,來處理對應的請求。
改善後的伺服器端程式碼如下:
class ServerThread extends Thread
{
private Socket socket = null;
public ServerThread(Socket socket)
{
this.socket = socket;
}
public void run() {
BufferedReader br = null;
PrintWriter pw = null;
try
{
br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream()));
pw = new PrintWriter(socket.getOutputStream());
while(true)
{
String line = br.readLine();
pw.println("Response:" + line);
pw.flush();
if (line.equals("end")) break;
}
}
catch(Exception ex)
{
System.err.println(ex.getMessage());
}
finally
{
if (socket != null)
try {
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e1) {
e1.printStackTrace();
}
if (br != null)
try {
br.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
if (pw != null) pw.close();
}
}
}
在程式設計的過程中,我們會有「資源」的概念,例如資料庫連接就是一個典型的資源,為了提升效能,我們通常不會直接銷毀資料庫連接,而是使用資料庫連接池的方式來對多個資料庫連線進行管理,已實現重用的目的。對於Socket連線來說,它也是一種資源,當我們的程式需要大量的Socket連線時,如果每個連線都需要重新建立,那麼將會是一件非常沒有效率的做法。
和資料庫連接池類似,我們也可以設計TCP連接池,這裡的想法是我們用一個數組來維持多個Socket連接,另外一個狀態數組來描述每個Socket連接是否正在使用,當程式需要Socket連接時,我們遍歷狀態數組,取出第一個沒被使用的Socket連接,如果所有連接都在使用,拋出異常。這是一個很直觀簡單的“調度策略”,在許多開源或商業的框架中(Apache/Tomcat),都會有類似的“資源池”。
TCP連線池的程式碼如下:
private InetAddress address = null;
private int port;
private Socket[] arrSockets = null;
private boolean[] arrStatus = null;
private int count;
public TcpConnectionPool(InetAddress address, int port, int count)
{
this.address = address;
this.port = port;
this .count = count;
arrSockets = new Socket[count];
arrStatus = new boolean[count];
init();
}
private void init()
{
try
{
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
{
arrSockets[i] = new Socket(address.getHostAddress(), port);
arrStatus[i] = false;
}
}
catch(Exception ex)
{
System.err.println(ex.getMessage());
}
}
public Socket getConnection()
{
if (arrSockets == null) init();
int i = 0;
for(i = 0; i < count; i++)
{
if (arrStatus[i] == false)
{
arrStatus[i] = true;
break;
}
}
if (i == count) throw new RuntimeException("have no connection availiable for now.");
return arrSockets[i];
}
public void releaseConnection(Socket socket)
{
if (arrSockets == null) init();
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
{
if (arrSockets[i] == socket)
{
arrStatus[i] = false;
break;
}
}
}
public void reBuild()
{
init();
}
public void destory()
{
if (arrSockets == null) return;
for(int i = 0; i < count; i++)
{
try
{
arrSockets[i].close();
}
catch(Exception ex)
{
System.err.println(ex.getMessage());
continue;
}
}
}
}
UDP是一種和TCP不同的連接方式,它通常應用在對即時性要求很高,對準確定要求不高的場合,例如線上視訊。 UDP會有「丟包」的情況發生,在TCP中,如果Server沒有啟動,Client發送訊息時,會報出異常,但對UDP來說,不會產生任何異常。
UDP通訊使用的兩個類別時DatagramSocket和DatagramPacket,後者存放了通訊的內容。
下面是一個簡單的UDP通訊例子,同TCP一樣,也分為Client和Server兩部分,Client端程式碼如下:
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
InetAddress host = InetAddress.getLocalHost();
int port = 5678;
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
while(true)
{
String line = br.readLine();
byte[] message = line.getBytes();
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(message, message.length, host, port);
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket();
socket.send(packet);
socket.close();
if (line.equals("end")) break;
}
br.close();
}
catch(Exception ex)
{
System.err.println(ex.getMessage());
}
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
int port = 5678;
DatagramSocket dsSocket = new DatagramSocket(port);
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(buffer, buffer.length);
while(true)
{
dsSocket.receive(packet);
String message = new String(buffer, 0, packet.getLength());
System.out.println(packet.getAddress().getHostName() + ":" + message);
if (message.equals("end")) break;
packet.setLength(buffer.length);
}
dsSocket.close();
}
catch(Exception ex)
{
System.err.println(ex.getMessage());
}
}
}
多播採用和UDP類似的方式,它會使用D類IP位址和標準的UDP連接埠號,D類IP位址是指224.0.0.0到239.255.255.255之間的位址,不包括224.0.0.0。
多播會使用到的類別是MulticastSocket,它有兩個方法要注意:joinGroup和leaveGroup。
下面是一個多播的例子,Client端程式碼如下:
public static void main(String[] args)
{
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
try
{
InetAddress address = InetAddress.getByName("230.0.0.1");
int port = 5678;
while(true)
{
String line = br.readLine();
byte[] message = line.getBytes();
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(message, message.length, address, port);
MulticastSocket multicastSocket = new MulticastSocket();
multicastSocket.send(packet);
if (line.equals("end")) break;
}
br.close();
}
catch(Exception ex)
{
System.err.println(ex.getMessage());
}
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int port = 5678;
try
{
MulticastSocket multicastSocket = new MulticastSocket(port);
InetAddress address = InetAddress.getByName("230.0.0.1");
multicastSocket.joinGroup(address);
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(buffer, buffer.length);
while(true)
{
multicastSocket.receive(packet);
String message = new String(buffer, packet.getLength());
System.out.println(packet.getAddress().getHostName() + ":" + message);
if (message.equals("end")) break;
packet.setLength(buffer.length);
}
multicastSocket.close();
}
catch(Exception ex)
{
System.err.println(ex.getMessage());
}
}
}
NIO是JDK1.4引入的一套新的IO API,它在緩衝區管理、網路通訊、檔案存取以及字元集操作方面有了新的設計。對於網路通訊來說,NIO使用了緩衝區和通道的概念。
下面是一個NIO的例子,和我們上面提到的程式碼風格有很大的不同。
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String host="127.0.0.1";
int port = 5678;
SocketChannel channel = null;
try
{
InetSocketAddress address = new InetSocketAddress(host,port);
Charset charset = Charset.forName("UTF-8");
CharsetDecoder decoder = charset.newDecoder();
CharsetEncoder encoder = charset.newEncoder();
ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
CharBuffer charBuffer = CharBuffer.allocate(1024);
channel = SocketChannel.open();
channel.connect(address);
String request = "GET / /r/n/r/n";
channel.write(encoder.encode(CharBuffer.wrap(request)));
while((channel.read(buffer)) != -1)
{
buffer.flip();
decoder.decode(buffer, charBuffer, false);
charBuffer.flip();
System.out.println(charBuffer);
buffer.clear();
charBuffer.clear();
}
}
catch(Exception ex)
{
System.err.println(ex.getMessage());
}
finally
{
if (channel != null)
try {
channel.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}