Linly
v1.1
This project provides the Chinese dialogue model Linly-ChatFlow, Chinese basic models Chinese-LLaMA (1-2), Chinese-Falcon and their training data to the community.
Among them, the performance indicators of the Linly-70B model jointly trained with APUS:
| ARC | HellaSwag | MMLU | Truthful QA | Winogrande | GSM8K | C-Eval |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 54.69 | 76.94 | 60.4 | 53.54 | 73.4 | 34.12 | 80.6 |
The Chinese basic model is based on LLaMA and Falcon, and uses Chinese and Chinese-English parallel corpora for incremental pre-training to extend its language capabilities in English to Chinese. At the same time, the project summarized the currently public multi-language command data, conducted large-scale command following training on the Chinese model, and implemented the Linly-ChatFlow dialogue model.
In addition, this project has open sourced the Linly-OpenLLaMA model trained from scratch, including 3B, 7B, and 13B scales. It is pre-trained on 1TB Chinese and English corpus, and the word combination tokenizer is optimized for Chinese. This model is open under the Apache 2.0 protocol.
Project content
Chinese pre-training corpus | Chinese instruction fine-tuning data set | Model quantitative deployment | Domain fine-tuning examples
[2024/2/4] Released the Chinese-LLaMA-2 (70B) model jointly trained with APUS, download address
[2023/7/22] Released Chinese-LLaMA-2 (7B, 13B) model, based on mixed corpus training, technical article - online experience
[2023/6/14] Released the Chinese Falcon-7B basic model, expanded the Falcon vocabulary and incrementally trained on large-scale Chinese corpus, technical article
[2023/5/31] Linly-ChatFlow-7B dialogue model participated in the ranking of SuperCLUE-Langya List
[2023/5/28] Update v1.2 Chinese-LLaMA, the sequence length is increased to 2048, and Linly-OpenLLaMA v0.1 is open
[2023/5/14] Update v1.1, use more training data, increase the ChatFlow sequence length to 1024, provide web online trial and API
[2023/4/27] Officially released the Linly-ChatFlow-13B dialogue model and Linly-Chinese-LLaMA-33B Chinese basic model
[2023/4/17] llama_inference updates 8-bit quantitative inference and microservice deployment, greatly improving inference speed and reducing memory consumption
[2023/4/8] TencentPretrain now supports LoRA training and DeepSpeed Zero-3 Offload
[2023/4/1] Update the 4-bit quantized version of Linly-ChatFlow model weights to support llama.cpp high-speed inference
[2023/3/28] Open the Chinese conversation model Linly-ChatFlow-7B based on LLaMA, technology blog
This project provides a variety of models, and it is recommended to use the latest Linly-Chinese-LLaMA-2 model
| Model download | Classification | training data | training sequence length | Version | Update time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese-LLaMA-2-7B (hf format) | Language model/conversation model | mixed corpus | 2048 | v0.1 | 2023.7.22 |
| Chinese-LLaMA-2-13B (hf format) | Language model/conversation model | mixed corpus | 2048 | v0.2 | 2023.8.12 |
| Chinese-LLaMA-2-70B (hf format) | language model | mixed corpus | 4096 | v0.1 | 2024.1.3 |
| Model download | Classification | training data | training sequence length | Version | Update time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese-Falcon-7B (hf format) | base model | 50G general corpus | 2048 | v0.2 | 2023.6.15 |
Instructions for use
| Model download | Classification | training data | training sequence length | Version | Update time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese-LLaMA-7B | base model | 100G general corpus | 2048 | v1.2 | 2023.5.29 |
| ChatFlow-7B | dialogue model | 5M command data | 1024 | v1.1 | 2023.5.14 |
| Chinese-LLaMA-13B | base model | 100G general corpus | 2048 | v1.2 | 2023.5.29 |
| ChatFlow-13B | dialogue model | 5M command data | 1024 | v1.1 | 2023.5.14 |
| Chinese-LLaMA-33B (hf format) | base model | 30G general corpus | 512 | v1.0 | 2023.4.27 |
HuggingFace model ?
The project provides a conversion script that supports conversion between TencentPretrain format and Huggingface format. For detailed usage, please refer to ➡️ Huggingface format conversion ⬅️.
| Model download | Classification | training data | training sequence length | Version | Update time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OpenLLaMA-13B | base model | 100G general corpus | 2048 | v0.1 | 2023.5.29 |
Generate examples to show the effect of Linly-Chinese-LLaMA-2 model
Online demo can be experienced at Linly-ChatFlow
Online API server trial:
curl -H ' Content-Type: application/json ' https://P01son-52nfefhaaova.serv-c1.openbayes.net -d ' {"question": "北京有什么好玩的地方？"} 'Special thanks to HuggingFace and OpenBayes for providing online experience computing resources.
If you want to construct an interactive demo in your own environment, welcome to follow and star the project: llama_inference
This chapter introduces how to use the TencentPretrain format model weights (the hf format weights of the latest version of Linly-Chinese-LLaMA-2 model are not applicable. For the latest version of the model usage method, please refer to the huggingface page).
Download the pre-trained model weights, install dependencies, and test environment: py3.8.12 cuda11.2.2 cudnn8.1.1.33-1 torch1.9.0 bitsandbytes0.37.2
For decoding parameters and detailed usage instructions, please refer to llama_inference
git lfs install
git clone https://huggingface.co/Linly-AI/ChatFlow-7B
git clone https://github.com/ProjectD-AI/llama_inference
cd llama_inference
vi prompts.txt #编辑用户输入，例如"上海有什么好玩的地方？"
python3 llama_infer.py --test_path prompts.txt --prediction_path result.txt
--load_model_path ../ChatFlow-7B/chatflow_7b.bin
--config_path config/llama_7b_config.json
--spm_model_path ../ChatFlow-7B/tokenizer.model --seq_length 512python3 llama_dialogue.py --seq_length 512 --top_k 10
--load_model_path ../ChatFlow-7B/chatflow_7b.bin
--config_path ./config/llama_7b_config.json
--spm_model_path ../ChatFlow-7B/tokenizer.modelpython3 llama_infer.py --test_path prompts.txt --prediction_path result.txt
--load_model_path ../ChatFlow-7B/chatflow_7b.bin
--config_path config/llama_7b_config.json
--spm_model_path ../ChatFlow-7B/tokenizer.model --seq_length 512 --use_int8 Installation dependencies: flask
python3 llama_server.py --load_model_path ../ChatFlow-7B/chatflow_7b.bin
--config_path config/llama_7b_config.json
--spm_model_path ../ChatFlow-7B/tokenizer.model --seq_length 512
curl -H ' Content-Type: application/json ' http://127.0.0.1:8888/chat -d ' {"question": "北京有什么好玩的地方？"} 'Install dependencies:gradio
python llama_gradio.py --load_model_path ../ChatFlow-7B/chatflow_7b.bin
--config_path config/llama_7b_config.json
--spm_model_path ../ChatFlow-7B/tokenizer.model --seq_length 512
Open on the web page: http://127.0.0.1:7860/
The ChatFlow model supports using llama.cpp to deploy the Int4 quantized model weights in local CPU inference. For detailed usage, see ➡️ int4 inference ⬅️.
The model is based on TencentPretrain pre-training and instruction fine-tuning. For more details, see ➡️ Incremental Training ⬅️.
Show the results generated by ChatFlow based on LLaMA1
| Prompt | Linly-ChatFlow-7B | Linly-ChatFlow-13B |
|---|---|---|
| How can I improve my time management skills? | To improve your time management skills, first train yourself to organize your work tasks correctly to avoid being overworked or interrupted. Important tasks can be recorded on a planner and reasonable goals and deadlines can be set to prevent anxiety and loss of motivation. Secondly, we must learn to effectively use free time, such as reading books, activities outside work, etc., to change the status of personal life and complete tasks better. Finally, you can also reflect on your time management level by regularly reviewing previous processes, and don't be too strict with yourself to avoid causing psychological stress. | Here are some tips that may be useful to improve your time management skills: 1. Make a schedule and plan and stick to it. 2. Stay focused on the task without distractions. 3. Utilize tools and software to help you organize and manage your time better. 4. Learn to say “no” to avoid overcommitting. 5. Set priorities and work on the most important things first. 6. Use the Pomodoro Technique or other time management techniques to stay focused. 7. Make sure you get enough sleep and exercise to stay healthy. 8. Understand your peak productivity times so you can schedule tasks and get more results. 9. Improve efficiency by learning new skills and knowledge. 10. Monitor progress and reflect on and adjust plans based on progress. |
| What are the most effective ways to deal with stress? | Effective ways to deal with stress include: 1) Learn to arrange your time reasonably to prevent everything from being put into one day or week; 2) Keep up with the overall situation and not be swayed by small problems; 3) Learn to relax yourself so that you can change Your living status; 4) See a doctor in time to stay healthy. | The most effective way to deal with stress is to learn to relax and find a way to relieve stress that suits you, such as exercise, music, reading, or communicating with friends. At the same time, you can also narrow the scope of work and life, give yourself enough space to complete tasks, and establish a better life and work balance. |
| What are the main differences between Python and JavaScript programming languages? | Python is an interpreted, object-oriented scripting language that can be used for web development, data analysis, artificial intelligence, etc. JavaScript is a dynamic, interactive scripting language that is widely used in front-end web design, game development, server-side programming, etc. The biggest difference between the two is: - Different syntax: Python's syntax is relatively simple, a bit like C/C++, while JavaScript is very complex and requires redefining functions, so it is more troublesome to use; - Different functions: Python supports a variety of modules and libraries, which can implement various tasks, such as data processing, graphical operations, etc.; JavaScript, in addition to HTML/CSS, also includes JQuery, React, Angular and other frameworks for creating clients interface. | The main difference between Python and JavaScript is their purpose. Python is a relatively versatile computer language that can be applied to different types of programming tasks, including Web development, data analysis, etc.; while JavaScript is mainly used for Web development, and its functions are relatively limited. |
| How can I improve my productivity while working from home? | 1. Create a comfortable and uncluttered workspace to maintain focus and concentration. 2. Make a daily or weekly task list and prioritize the most important items. 3. Set a clear work schedule, including start and finish times, break times and deadlines for completing tasks. 4. Avoid multitasking and focus on one thing until it is completed, then move on to the next. 5. Use technology to manage your time, such as using a time tracking app or turning off social media. | 1. Set up a dedicated work space to allow yourself to be more focused; 2. Develop plans and lists to manage tasks and priorities; 3. Maintain good communication and contact to avoid missing important information or emergencies; 4. Create some regular small activities to change your state and relax your body and mind; 5. Pay attention to health, including reasonable diet, exercise and sleep. |
| Can you explain the basics of quantum computing? | Quantum computing is a computer technology that uses the principles of quantum mechanics to achieve more efficient operations and problem solving. Its main foundations include: 1) quantum bits (qubit), 2) quantum state operations, 3) quantum measurement technology, 4) superconductivity, etc. Qubits can exist between 0 and 1 states at the same time without the need to continuously measure to determine their position in a traditional computer; quantum state operations allow the operation method to help change the calculation results; quantum measurement technology helps analyze the system behavior; superconductivity helps amplify information and provide more memory space. | Quantum computing is a new type of computing technology that uses the principles of quantum physics to process information. In a traditional computer, each bit has only two states: 0 and 1. In a quantum computer, each qubit can be in multiple states at the same time. These states are called superpositions. Therefore, quantum computers can process large amounts of complex data more efficiently. In addition, quantum computing can also use the interaction of bits to achieve accelerated operations, thereby greatly improving computing efficiency. |
| What is the main difference between plant protein and animal protein? | The main difference between plant and animal proteins is their structure: plant proteins are composed of a large number of α-helical chains, while animal proteins contain more complex β-sheet chains. In addition, plant proteins often lack important amino acids such as glutamine, tryptophan, glycine, etc., which may affect their functionality. | There are different key differences between plant protein and animal protein, the most obvious of which is nutritional content. Animal proteins contain a variety of essential amino acids, while plant proteins typically provide only a portion. In addition, plant protein may also contain some non-essential amino acids, such as betaine, cysteine, etc., which are very important to human health. In addition to nutrients, there are also some dietary fibers, as well as calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron and other metal elements that are relatively abundant in plant protein, but less in animal protein. |
| How can I develop my critical thinking skills? | Developing critical thinking skills requires interdisciplinary knowledge and extensive reading so that you can gain more support in your own cognition. In addition, it is also key to establish a good discovery model and determine reasonable solutions, such as using previous experience, focusing on key things and how they work, etc. | There are many ways to develop critical thinking skills, the most important of which is to improve your understanding of things and situations through continuous practice. First of all, you must understand basic logic, mathematical knowledge and scientific research methods; then, you can think rigorously in books every day and analyze or solve problems based on social experience; in addition, you should continue to pay attention to current news and society Dynamic, because these activities help to analyze complex problems in the real world in depth, allowing you to more clearly understand the impact of these phenomena; finally, you can also participate in relevant discussion groups to obtain more feedback and opinions. |
| What are the main challenges facing the education sector today? | I think the education sector faces a lot of challenges. Firstly, due to insufficient funds, some schools are unable to invest in necessary facilities and equipment to support a better student experience, thus affecting teaching effects; secondly, due to the use of new technologies, teachers need to learn to use technology to improve their professionalism; finally , due to social changes, large populations, and globalization, teachers also need to have broader knowledge to better understand the global situation and create a more equitable and inclusive education system. | For the education sector, one of its biggest challenges is winning space in an increasingly competitive market. This also means that the quality of school courses and services needs to be improved to better meet market demand. In addition, maintaining the current level of work force and providing fair opportunities for different groups are major challenges that the education sector must deal with. |
| What are the main factors influencing consumer behavior? | The main factors affecting consumer behavior include: economic environment, cultural and social conditions, changes in target market audience needs, service quality, advertising information dissemination methods and continuous improvement in user needs, etc. | The main factors that influence consumer behavior are as follows: first, economic status, including income level, work and quality of life, etc.; second, personal characteristics, such as gender, age, income source and family structure, etc.; third, social environment, such as Leisure and entertainment culture, business and service systems, etc.; fourth is government policies, such as tax policies, medical insurance systems, education policies, etc. |
| What are the most effective conflict resolution strategies in the workplace? | In the workplace, the most effective conflict resolution strategies involve carefully listening and understanding both parties' positions, negotiating with a compromising attitude, and arriving at a mutual solution. In addition, you can also adopt a method that adheres to the principle of fairness, give each other specific requirements, and maintain a high level of attention to the results. | To resolve conflicts effectively in the workplace, a range of techniques and methods can be employed. First, no matter how opposed the two parties are, they should maintain good communication and focus on building a relationship of understanding and trust; second, give objective and fair opinions instead of venting emotions to others; third, discover problems in a timely manner In essence, various means are used to change the situation in order to restart communication; finally, after careful analysis, both parties can benefit from the dispute. |
| Linly-ChatFlow-7B | Linly-ChatFlow-13B | |
|---|---|---|
| How many times does a human blink on average in a lifetime? Please try to explain your answer. Your explanation should lead the reader step by step through your reasoning. | According to scientific research, a healthy adult blinks about 150-200 times a day. Human lifespan is usually 70-80 years, so the number of blinks in a lifetime can be estimated as: Blink 150-200 times per day × 60 years = 90,000-114,000 times This result is only an approximation and is not 100% accurate. In fact, the number of blinks varies from person to person because the characteristics of the human body, environment and activity patterns will all affect the number of blinks. | The average human blinks between 15,000 and 20,000 times a day, which means they will blink approximately 1.87 million times in their lifetime. But this is calculated based on the eighty years it takes for a human to live to be eighty years old, and in fact we cannot determine the true value. |
| How many lightning strikes occur on Earth every day? Please try to explain your answer. Your explanation should lead the reader step by step through your reasoning. | Because lightning is a natural phenomenon, we don't know exactly how many lightning strikes occur each day in each time zone. But according to statistics, there are an average of 20 trillion lightning strikes every minute around the world, which is equivalent to 4,600 lightning strikes every second, which means that a lightning strike occurs every 10 seconds. | Lightning is a chemical reaction between clouds and water molecules in the atmosphere, producing a bright light and violent sound. This phenomenon is very common on the Earth's surface and can be easily observed. According to different research data and statistics, it can be understood that there are an average of many lightning strikes every year around the world. For example, the U.S. “National Geographic” website cited research from the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (NSF) and other relevant organizations, stating that there are an average of 300,000 lightning events in North America each year. In South America, there are about 250,000 lightning events. In addition, Japan, West Africa and other places also have similar statistics. In addition, it should be noted that there are certain differences in the amount of lightning activity between different regions, and factors such as different terrain, altitude, and climate conditions will also affect the frequency and duration of lightning activity. |
| A ping-pong ball fell into a deep, tight tube - about 30 centimeters long. The tube was buried in the cement floor, with only 1 centimeter above the ground, so you couldn't move it. The tube is only slightly wider than a ping pong ball, so you can't put your hand in it. How do you get it out intact? | A. Hit the ground with a hammer until the ping pong ball rolls down; B. Use a long wooden stick to pull it out from the other end; C. Use special tools or machines to dig it out. | This problem requires the use of physics knowledge and creativity to solve. Let's first imagine what might happen after the ping pong ball reaches this pipe: Since it is very small, it can easily be hit by the air flow or water flow inside the pipe and float up. If it is unfortunately hit into the pipe, Then it will be trapped in it forever. We should find a way to slowly move it upward until it emerges from the surface of the pipe. Next, we need to think about how to achieve this goal. First, we can use the principle of air bubbles to solve this problem. When the air blows out of the nozzle quickly, it forms a large bubble-like structure with the surrounding air. If we apply this method to our scenario, we can create a bubble-like effect, allowing the ping pong ball to float and move upward. |
| Let's look at some primitive organism decomposing, splitting every minute into two parts of the same size as the original. At 12 o'clock, the container is full. At what time is the container half full? | This problem can be described using a mathematical model rather than an experimental design. So I will give the answer: at minute 54, there will be | - First you need to calculate the rate at which the organism divides, that is, how much its volume is divided into every minute. Assuming that the splitting speed per minute is S, then S*(t/60)=X(t), where X(t) represents the number of molecules and t represents time (unit: min). - Secondly, according to the meaning of the question, at 12 o'clock, the volume of the substance in the container is Y=10^X 3.75/4 - Finally, when the volume of the container is half, that is, Y=(10^X-0.5)/2.5, substitute Y=10^X 3.75/4 to get: (10^X-0.5)/2.5 = 3.75/4 * 10^X - 0.75 10^(X+1) Simplifying, we get |
| All wars and chaos occur when there is no negotiation and no reason to speak. Reasoning and negotiation are inseparable from language. However, reasoning does not automatically exist where there is language. Where there is language, there must be freedom. Reason. It can be deduced from this: A. All wars and chaos occur because there is no freedom. B. Not all wars and chaos occur when negotiation and reasoning are not possible. C. If there is no freedom, reasoning cannot be achieved. , war and chaos may occur D. Where there is language and freedom, war will definitely not occur | B. Not all wars and chaos occur when negotiation and reasoning are not possible | My thought process is as follows: As long as there are people who need to share ideas with each other, then they must achieve the goal of communication through language. And when members of a group are abusive to each other or don't want to talk at all, this state of affairs will prevent the development of any cooperation. In other words, language and freedom are key to building and maintaining social organization and helping people use common resources more efficiently. So I choose option B. Not all wars and chaos are due to lack of negotiation and understanding. |
| After the results of a math test came out, Xiao Ming said: "If I passed, then Xiaofang also passed." Xiaofang said: "This test is so easy, I passed it." Did Xiao Ming pass? | According to the question, two conditions can be obtained: 1. Xiao Ming passed the exam; 2. Xiao Fang passed the exam. Now we are asked to reason about whether Xiao Ming has passed. We need to first determine the result of "whether everyone has passed." Because both Xiao Ming and Xiao Fang said the exam was easy, we can conclude that the exam is not difficult. Based on Xiao Ming's words, "If I passed, then Xiaofang also passed." We can conclude that the prerequisite for Xiao Ming and Xiaofang to pass at the same time is that they both have specific scores. Finally, because Xiaofang said "I passed everything" and did not include information related to Xiao Ming, it is impossible to judge whether Xiao Ming passed or not. | According to the question, two conditions can be drawn: 1. If Xiao Ming passes, Xiao Fang also passes; 2. Xiaofang said the exam was very easy. From the second condition, it can be inferred that Xiaofang should have passed the exam. Therefore, Xiaofang has determined the outcome and can no longer guess about Xiao Ming's situation. Therefore, it is impossible to judge whether Xiao Ming has passed or not. |
| When a city wants to build a garden or pond, there are four assumptions: to build a pond, a bridge must be built; if a bridge is built, a garden cannot be built; to build a garden, trees must be planted; to plant trees, a bridge must be built. What cannot be deduced from this is: A. There is a pond in the end. B. There must be a bridge in the end. C. There may be a garden in the end. D. The pond and the garden cannot exist at the same time. | First the correct answer is D because a pond and a garden cannot exist at the same time. Then analyze each option in turn: 1. A: There is no mention that there will be a pond in the end. We only know that "a bridge must be built after the pond is built." So we cannot say that there will be a pond in the end. 2. B: It says "You can't build a garden if you build a bridge", so if there is a garden in the end, you also need to build a bridge, which is the opposite of option B. 3. C: There is no mention of "there must be a garden in the end", but "to build a garden, you must plant trees", so it cannot be said that there must be a garden in the end. 4. D: There is no mention of "there is a pond in the end", but "a pond and a garden cannot exist at the same time", so it cannot be concluded that there must be no pond in the end. | The key word in this question is "hypothesis" because it requires us to make a judgment based on four conditions. First of all, we must carefully understand the message in the question: to build a pond, you need to build a bridge. Once you build a bridge, you cannot build a garden. To build a garden, you must plant trees, and to plant trees, you must build a bridge. Then, we can try to find some commonalities among them. For example, each item will produce a result (there is a pond, a bridge, etc.), but the corresponding probability and order are not the same. Based on these assumptions and conditions, we can draw the following conclusions: A. There is a pond in the end - since each item will produce results, it is possible to build a garden after building the pond; B. There must be a bridge in the end - as long as the bridge is built , then building a garden will definitely lead to the existence of a bridge; C. There may be a garden in the end - according to the second hypothesis, there will definitely be a bridge after building a garden, but building a garden is just more likely; D. Ponds and gardens cannot exist at the same time—— You cannot build a garden after building a pond. Building a garden will cause a bridge to appear, so the two are mutually exclusive. |
| The problem is this: There are three gods in the world, namely True, False and Random. Among them, T God only tells the truth, F God only tells lies, and R God. Every time after listening to the question, you toss a coin to decide whether to tell the truth or a lie. They are in front of you now, but you don’t know which god is. Which god. You have three opportunities to test. At each opportunity, you can say a Statement and find one of the gods to give a judgment (true/false). God always understands your language and gives an answer according to His plan, but He will answer in His own language, and He will answer X or Y. You know that one of them represents true and the other represents false, but you don't know which one represents which. Here’s the question: Can you determine the identities of the three gods after using up three opportunities? | 1. First understand the language spoken by the three gods and their meaning in each situation. 2. If possible, try to organize the situation clearly using the minimum amount of information. 3. Based on the second point, construct a formula to draw a conclusion based on the known information. 4. Compare the last result with the previous two times and verify it. | Ask the first sentence first. If the true God agrees to say "True", then it should be the true God; otherwise, it must be the false god. In the same way, if a false god agrees to say "True", then it is the true god, otherwise it is a false god. If the answer to the first sentence is "X", then it is the true God; otherwise, it must be a false god. Therefore, we can use the following formula to determine the identity of the three gods: T = (T ∧ X) v (T ∧ Y) v X True = F False = R |
| Currently, representatives from three countries A, B, and C who do not understand each other's languages convene an international conference. This requires one translator who understands the languages of countries A and B and one who understands the languages of countries A and C and countries B and C. If the representative country increases from country A to country E, there will be 5 representatives attending the meeting who do not speak the same language at all. So, under the condition that the number of translators is reduced as much as possible and the meeting can continue, each translator only understands two languages. How many translators are needed at least? | First, we need to know at least how many translators are needed to ensure that all representatives can understand the meeting content. Since this is an overseas meeting, the translator must be fluent in English and understand Chinese. So, for a conference involving four countries A, B, C, and D, at least 2 translators are needed: 1 translator who understands Chinese and 1 translator who understands English and Chinese. Then, when the delegation increased from country A to country E, the language at the venue changed, which meant that another translator needed to be arranged. One translator who knew English and Chinese and one translator who knew Chinese were also needed. Therefore, at least 3 translators are required. | Let’s look at a small conclusion first: when the number of representatives increases, the maximum number of translators required can reach 8/3. Assume that there are N countries represented, N > 4; among them, countries A and B are the same, and country C is also the same as country B, sharing the same language. Since the three countries A, B, and C do not understand each other's languages at all, the meetings must be held three times, namely the dialogue between countries A and B, the dialogue between countries B and C, and the dialogue between countries A and C. The first meeting: 1 translator, proficient in the languages of countries A and B, and also proficient in the language of country C. Other translators are not necessary. Second meeting: 1 translator, proficient in the languages of countries A and B, and also proficient in the language of country C. Other translators are not necessary. The third meeting: 2 translators, one proficient in languages A and C, the other proficient in languages B and C. Therefore, total number of translators needed: 1 + 1 + 2 = 4. |
| Language is a kind of taste, people rely on it to express their feelings; language is a mirror, in which people can see the times. At different stages of society, people's greetings will also change accordingly. This shows that A. Social consciousness changes and develops. B. Social consciousness has a counterproductive effect on social existence. C. Social consciousness determines social existence. D. Social consciousness is not relatively independent. | The last option D shows that it is not correct that social consciousness determines social existence, because it is actually the form of social existence that determines social consciousness. That is, whether the form of social existence is reasonable determines whether social consciousness is reasonable or not, and social consciousness itself only interprets what it means. form of social existence. If the former does not change, the latter cannot change. | D Language can capture the current social phenomena and people's psychology, and embody it in spoken or written form. Therefore, language reflects social consciousness, and social consciousness also affects language. Option D is consistent with this view, because social consciousness determines social existence and language reflects social consciousness, so language reflects social consciousness, and social consciousness also affects language. |
| Linly-ChatFlow-7B | Linly-ChatFlow-13B | |
|---|---|---|
| Why do some people choose to use paper maps or seek directions instead of relying on GPS devices or smartphone apps? | People can choose to use paper maps and directions because this technology is more intuitive, safe and practical. Compared with GPS technology, maps can provide more information, rather than just location information, to better guide routes. Additionally, because GPS systems are often compromised, for example around large numbers of buildings, there are times when GPS technology is not perfect, and paper maps and directions are more reliable. | Some people may prefer to use paper maps or other guidance tools for route and navigation information. Reasons for this behavior can include: 1. Cognitive experiences in nature: For some people, using guidance tools such as paper maps in nature is more natural, authentic, and relaxing than using electronic devices. They find using electronic devices distracting and disrupting the connection between their bodies and their surroundings. 2. Technical unreliability: In certain situations, such as bad weather, communication network problems or power failures, etc., using paper maps or other guidance tools can better ensure the safety and smoothness of the navigation process. 3. Personal preference: Everyone has different lifestyles and habits, and some may prefer to use traditional methods to solve problems rather than necessarily using advanced technology. 4. Economic benefit: Paper maps are relatively cheaper than electronic devices, and for those who often need to go out, they only need to pay once to use them. |
| How do governments use fiscal and monetary policy to respond to economic downturns? | When facing an economic recession, the government can regulate and balance the country's financial markets through various means such as fiscal and monetary policies. First, it can provide liquidity to the central bank and provide loan support to affected companies; second, the government can also formulate a series of tax cuts, tax deferrals, etc. to support affected companies and individuals, thereby achieving a more effective redistribute. In addition, the government can also provide low-interest loans and expand the scope of loans so that small businesses with the greatest impact can obtain long-term development opportunities. | In response to an economic downturn, governments can use a variety of fiscal and monetary policies. Fiscal policy includes providing direct subsidies, carrying out infrastructure projects, etc.; while monetary policy mainly achieves the effect of improving economic conditions by adjusting changes in interest rates in the market. In addition, protective trade policies can also be implemented and new facilities such as financial institutions can be established to stimulate domestic consumption and increase cooperation with other countries or regions to jointly cope with the global economic depression. |
| How do vaccines protect individuals and communities from infectious diseases, and what is herd immunity? | Vaccines activate an individual's immune system and build defense against a specific pathogen by providing antigens against that pathogen. Herd immunity means that a large number of vaccinations can achieve "super protection" to a certain extent, making some people unable to be infected by the pathogen and do not need to be vaccinated, thus achieving full protection. The advantage of this is that it can prevent the pathogen from causing an epidemic when there are not enough susceptible people, and it can also protect those who cannot or do not want to be vaccinated (for example, due to physical reasons), so that they can obtain protection similar to herd immunity. | Herd immunity is an approach based on shared preventive measures to increase immunity for the entire population. This approach requires preventive measures, such as vaccinations, regular testing, etc., for all people in society who may be exposed to the disease. In addition, a series of policies need to be developed and implemented to ensure that all people have access to timely and effective treatment services. These policies include public health education programs, strengthening inspection and reporting mechanisms, and establishing more hospitals and other treatment facilities to ensure that every patient receiving treatment receives the best care. |
| How do cultural, social and economic factors influence people's dietary choices, and how can this knowledge be used to promote healthier diets? | Social, cultural and economic factors have an important influence on people's dietary choices. In a traditional culture, parents are often the biggest decision-makers about their children's diet, but in modern society, parents are also interfered with by other factors. For example, some research suggests that in a high-consumption society, parents may be more likely to induce children to eat too many high-calorie foods in order to meet their financial needs; moreover, in a large city, children may have fewer opportunities In contact with fresh and organic fruits and vegetables, they can only rely on processing food or low -cost food to satisfy their hunger, which leads to physical health problems. | In today's society, due to the influence of various cultural, social and economic factors, people's dietary choices have also changed. For example, some areas may be characterized by excessive consumption of sugar; while others are more concerned about plant -based diet or organic food. However, by studying the effects of different cultural, social and economic factors on dietary choices, we can use this information to carry out related activities to improve the public's eating habits, thereby achieving healthier eating goals. |
| How does social media platform affect people's acquisition and sharing news, and what are the potential impacts of the spread of false information? | Social media platforms can affect people's acquisition and sharing news in various ways. First of all, these platforms provide a large platform for publishing, sharing and dissemination information. Users can easily receive timely news information. Second, social media is real -time, and users can immediately see the latest news, which affects their behavior, which affects their behavior. . In addition, social media will also give birth to many problems such as discredit, blind compilation, nonsense, which leads to the spread of false information, which will affect the public image. | Social media platforms can change the way people get and share news. Because social media is an open environment, users can not only share and get news with others, but also participate by publishing content, which provides more opportunities for propagers to spread false information. In addition, due to the openness of social media, false news will be widely spread at a very fast speed, thereby exacerbating social confusion and conflict. |
| Linly-Chatflow-7B | Linly-Chatflow-13B | |
|---|---|---|
| Recently, Apple sued Qualcomm to report that it had not cooperated in accordance with relevant contracts, and Qualcomm had not responded. Who is "Qi" in this sentence? | apple inc. | I think "Qi" refers to Qualcomm. |
| At this time, the mobile phone beside the pillow rang on the bed, and I was surprised because the arrears had been stopped for two months, and now it suddenly rang. What is "it" in this sentence? | In this sentence, "it" refers to the mobile phone placed next to the pillow on the bed. | According to the content of the above content, it can be seen from the sentence that "it" refers to mobile phones, not other items or people. |
| Sentence 1: "Develop new policies and measures for the development of western development and opening up, and continue to implement policies such as corporate income tax in the western region." Sentence 2: "What is the relationship between the relationship between the two sentences of enterprises in the west? ? Options: contain, contradiction, nothing to do | The relationship between these two sentences is contained. | The meaning of these two sentences is that the first sentence mentioned "the formulation of new policies and measures for the development of the western development and opening up, and the policies of corporate income tax in the western region will continue to implement". The second sentence refers to the "preferential policy tax policy in the western region to promote the development of enterprises to the west." It shows that the policy formulated in the first sentence plays an important role in promoting the economic development of the western region. Therefore, it can be said that there is a relationship between the two sentences. |
| Sentence 1: "Jiang Lili said again: You are not here early, you are not here late, you are not in" Sentence 2 "at noon, you deliberately avoided Jiang Lili" What logical relationship between these two sentences? | The logical relationship of these two sentences is a causal relationship, because the previous sentence leads to the last sentence. | Determine whether the meaning of the above two texts is similar: not similar |
| But there was a period of everyone __, I didn't dare the road, only he leaned on the balcony to see the queuing soldiers. __ Which idiom should be filled in? A Live Jian Jue B, disappears, Deto Deto Deto D Safe and keep yourself | A Shenzhen Jianjian | The process of my thinking is as follows: The D option "Settles to keep itself" is more appropriate, indicating that keeping the original state or not changing the state. It can be understood as a life that is at ease and lived happily. This idiom originally originated in a paragraph in "The Biography of Huang Qiong". |
| Linly-Chatflow-7B | Linly-Chatflow-13B | |
|---|---|---|
| The third grade classmates plant 80 trees, and the trees in grades in fourth or fifth grades are more than 14 times more than the third grade. | There are three -grade trees in the third grade, 2X trees in the fourth grade, and 3X trees in the fifth grade. There are 80 trees in the third grade, so there are X = 80. The substitution can be obtained: 2 × 80 = 160 trees in the fourth grade planting 3 × 80 = 240 trees in the fourth grade, a total of 160 + 240 + 240 = 540 trees | Let the trees in the third grade are X, then: 2x+14 in the fourth and fifth grades; A total of 3X+(2X+14) = 5X+14 trees are planted in the third and fourth and fifth grades. Therefore, the number of trees grown in the three grades is 5X + 14. Because the number of trees in each grade is not given in the topic, the value of x cannot be determined. However, it is certain that when X is equal to 6, the number of trees in the three grades is the largest, which means that the number of trees in the third grade is 6, and the number of trees in grades in fourth and fifth grades is 2*6+14 = 28. Then, the number of trees in the three grades is: 6 + 28 = 34 trees. |
| There are a total of 50 students in a class, of which 30 students will play table tennis, 40 students will play badminton, and 10 students will play tennis. How many students can all students play at most? | The number of students that can accommodate each exercise can get the answer: 30 + 40 + 10 = 80 Therefore, 80 students who play these three balls are 80. | We can use the factual reasoning method to solve this topic. First of all, let us list the number of people in each category and the total number of students covered: -It the number of students playing table tennis is 30; -In 40 students playing badminton; -The number of students playing tennis is 10; Therefore, when you choose any two items between these different activities, we can get the two groups of related information: -If only playing table tennis and badminton, a total of 70 students will participate in these two movements. -If only to play table tennis and tennis, a total of 60 students will participate in these two movements. -If only to play badminton and tennis, a total of 90 students will participate in these two movements. Now, we need to calculate the total number of students when combining all three exercises. In this way, we can calculate the following formulas: Number of students = number of students playing table tennis+ number of students who play badminton-the number of students playing tennis = 30 + 40 -10 = 80 Therefore, we concluded that there are up to 80 students in these three balls. |
| The pear trees are 78 more than the apple tree. The pear trees are 4 times that of the apple tree. How many pears and apple trees are each? | The number of apple trees is x, and the number of pear trees is 78*4 = 312. Therefore, pear trees and apple trees have a total of X + 312 trees. The equation can be obtained according to the intention: x + 312 =? Move 312 to the left side of the equation and get: x =? -312 Because the topic is not given X, the answer cannot be found. | The number of trees of apple trees is x, and the number of trees in the pear tree is 4X+78. You can get it according to the meaning: x+(4X+78) = 216. Dian Jian got: 5x = 138. Therefore, x = 27.6 (take). Therefore, the number of trees of apple trees is 27, and the number of pear trees is 109. |
| In a class, there are 30 students, including 2/3 of them, so how many girls are there? | 1. Calculate the number of boys: -In "30" by 2/3 (that is, the proportion of boys) obtained 16.7 ≈ 17 2. Because the number of people with only integer class, the results need to be entered and five, and the number of girls is 18. | First of all, the number of boys in this class is required. You can use the following formula to calculate: Number of boys = total number × proportion of the value given in the title into the formula: Number of boys = 30 × 2/3 Get simplified: Number of boys = 20 Then, we can get the number of girls by subtracting the number of boys:: Nice number of girls = total number-number of boys is: Nice number of girls = 30 -20 Therefore, there are 10 girls in the class. |
| The students played a radio competition, and the whole class just ranked equally 6 lines. Xiaohong ranked in the second line. From the top, she stood in the fifth position. From the next number, she stood in the third position. How many people do this class? | It can be seen from the title that the entire class is centered on Xiaohong, so we only need to calculate the position of Xiaohong to get the answer. There are X individuals in the class, so the position of Xiaohong should be: $ $ x div 2 + 1 = x -1 $ $ Xiaohong ranks fifth, indicating that the first four people arrived at the end first, so they should be distributed between the third and fourth lines, that is, the third row in the third position, and the fourth row Row in the fourth position, so we can list the following equations: $o x -4 = 6 $o To solve the above equation, you can get the common in the class | 1. First of all, clear the meaning: In the second line, Xiaohong is the fifth in the first line and the third is the third. Therefore, the number of people in the second line is 2 × (8-5-3) = 3. 2. Next calculate the number of people in the class. Since the class is divided into equal 6 lines, the number of each line should be equal. For the number of people in each line, the total number of people in the class is 6X. 3. Ins the position of the position of the small and small red in the second line, the number of people who can get the second line is 3, and then the equation can be listed: 6x = 3 + (Number of people in front) × x 4. The solution of the formula is X = 24/7≈3.43, but the integer is actually required, so it needs to be taken upwards, and the final result is 4. 5. The x = 4 is in the original style, and the total number of people in the class can be 6 × 4 = 24. Therefore, there are 24 people in the class. |
| Linly-Chatflow-7B | Linly-Chatflow-13B | |
|---|---|---|
| Write a symphony concert comment to discuss the performance of the orchestra and the overall experience of the audience. | This weekend, I was fortunate to participate in a concert performed by the well -known symphony orchestra. As one of the theme songs of the new album of the group, they gave the audience an unforgettable performance. First of all, it is commendable to be the commander of the orchestra. His ability to control is amazing. Through a series of excellent control, he successfully combined the skills of each musicians with emotions to show a kind of unspeakable magic. At the beginning of the concert, the first song of the orchestra was brisk and vibrant, which greatly moved the audience's heart. The next song is also very infectious, and because of the coordination of the orchestra, all the tracks make all the songs vivid and fresh. It is particularly worth mentioning that the deputy commander is carefully sophisticated, and the transition between songs is naturally smooth, making the entire performance more perfect. In addition, the performance also introduced an creative element -visual effect. A number of LED screens are set on the stage to make the entire concert venue atmosphere stronger. When a piece is completed, the corresponding screen or text content will be displayed on the screen, allowing the audience to understand the thoughts conveyed behind the performance. Such a creativity not only brings a better experience to the audience, but also shows the diversity and inclusiveness of the music. Finally, it is worth mentioning the overall details of the concert. The sound effect is very delicate, and each musical instrument is played vividly. The concert site layout is also very reasonable and the volume is moderate. I think this is a very successful concert. | Concert theme: Bach and Haydn works. Participants include people with different age, cultural level, and music literacy. The site design is the center of the stage, the seats on both sides, and the later vertical small orchestral band. This concert is composed of a variety of audiences, cultural levels, and music literacy. In such a diverse audience group, the orchestra shows excellent skills and excellent music performance ability. First of all, the orchestra perfectly combines Bach and Haydn's works, making the entire concert look very smooth and coherent. Their warm and beautiful performances brought deep shock and endless aftertaste to each audience. From the first song to the last song, the orchestra is impressive through superb skills and in -depth understanding of music. In addition, the orchestra also provides a series of surprises, such as the slow sector, the fast string part, etc., which greatly enriches the content of the music. In particular, the rhythm transformation and emotional changes emphasized by the orchestra better interpret the connotation of these classic works to be conveyed, so that the audience really feels the meaning of music. |
| Write scripts for podcasts who have influenced streaming media platforms on the music industry for a period of discussion. | Please provide the influence of the streaming platform on the music industry and its possible advantages and disadvantages, so that we can write the podcast script of the theme. For example: -A online streaming platform is changing the field of music? -Is help creators selling works more widely? -The possible competition and copyright issues and so on. Title: Streaming Platforms and their Impact on the Music Industry Scene 1: INTRODUCTION Host: Hi Everyone, Welcom to Our Podcast. TODAY We will be discussing the impact that streaming platforms have on the music indeans. So let's get Scene 2: The Challenges of Digital Distribution Guest: As a Musician, I'm SEEN The Rise of Streaming as a Great Opportonity for ArtistS to Reach New Audiences IStribution. With so many platforms out there, how can an artist make sure Their work is available everywhere? Scene 3: Streaming vs Physical Sales Guest: There are benefits to both physical sales and streaming, but the two models are not alway. Some argumenting serviced devalue iming Portance of Album Purchase by Giving Away Music for Free. The Music Industry? Scene 4: Opportunities for Emerging Artists Guest: On the Flip Side, Streaming Services Can PROVIDE EMERGING ARTISTS With Opportunities they did not have. EED for Physical Distribution, TheSe Artist Can Gain Exposure More Quickly than Ever Before. Scene 5: POTENTIAL PITFALLS GUEST: of Course, Not All Aspects of the Music Streaming Revolution Have Been Positive. Issues like RoyalTies and Streaming Rights Have Arisen, Along with Confit CERNS Over Data Privacy. Is It Possible for Streaming Services to Balance the Needs of Artist and Fans with Those of The Larger Music Industry? Scene 6: Conclusion Host: THANKS To Our Guests TODAY for a Lively Discussion About the Changing LandScape of Streaming and ITS IMPLICATIONS on the MUSIC Industry. or another episode! | Topic: How to view the music streaming platform, including Spotify, Apple Music and Tidal? And did they change the music industry pattern? Target audience: Those who are interested in music and care about the future development of the field. Title: "Spotify, Apple Music, and Tidal: Change the world of music or destroy its traditional business model?" Introduction: Introduce the development of the music industry over the past 20 years, especially due to the changes brought about by music consumers in the digital era. Subject: Share different opinions. For example, supporters believe that these platforms have improved the liquidity of music and make music easier to get closer to the public; opponents say that they destroy the chances of musicians' income and cause them to survive enough. On this basis, we will explore how these platforms affect the business model and market of music, including marketing channels and the cost of production of albums. We will also discuss some possible solutions, such as taking similar copyright management plans to protect the interests of artists and musicians, or add paid options to streaming media services to create new business opportunities. |
| Write a fascinating film review for a recently released sci -fi movie to discuss its plot, role and special effects. | Movie name: "Interstellar" "Interstellar Crossing" is an exciting and unforgettable science fiction movie. It tells the story of a set of astronauts through insect caves and to find new homeland. In this unknown and mysterious adventure, they face countless dangers and challenges. The plot of the film is very complicated, and its themes include profound physics issues such as time, space, and relativity. Director Christopher Nolan cleverly combined these concepts with the lively and interesting storyline, making the whole film very attractive. The characters in the film are also excellent. The Cooper played by Matthew McConor is a senior astronaut over forty years old. He faces the challenges of his family and a difficult task. He has shown great heroism and responsibility in the story. . Murph played by Annie Hathaway has become a small and precious fulcrum, allowing Cooper to gain beliefs and hope again. The visual effect of the film is also commendable. From dazzling space to amazing black holes, each picture shows excellent design and production level. In addition, music is also very suitable for this movie, with the development of the plot, creating an atmosphere of tension. In short, "interstellar crossing" is a very good science fiction movie, which can not only attract the attention of the audience, but also attract thinking. If you like science fiction movies or want to explore the wonderfulness of the physical world, then this movie will definitely bring you an unforgettable experience. | "Wandering Earth" is a exciting science fiction movie. The story is threatened with the story of the sun burns and survival in the future world. The film shows outstanding achievements in terms of visual effects and creates a wonderful universe world. The protagonists are also very good. They must overcome countless difficulties and cooperate with others to protect the earth. This movie impressed me. It not only had visual aesthetics, but also thoughtful content. |
| Write an interesting travel blog post to introduce the recent travel experience to Beijing, focusing on introducing cultural experiences and necessary attractions. | Recently, I went to Beijing and visited the Great Wall, Forbidden City and other attractions. There I also tasted local food and experienced the activities of traditional Chinese culture. Please write an interesting blog post about this trip based on this. I recently went to the capital of China -Beijing. This city integrates modern and ancient, providing tourists with countless cultural experiences and attractions. Here are my travel diary and suggestions: First stop: Great Wall Great Wall is one of the iconic buildings in Beijing and one of the world's most popular tourist destinations. Walking on the mountains and climbing far away can feel the magnificence and significance of the Great Wall. Second stop: Forbidden City The Forbidden City is a place worth visiting. This is the palace of the emperor of the Ming and Qing dynasties. It has now been transformed into a museum. You can see a lot of historical relics and decorations here. Third stop: restaurant Beijing's food culture has deep heritage, including roast duck and Xiaolongbao. I suggest to go to the restaurant in Wangfujing Snack Street or near Qianmen Street, which provides real local characteristics. Fourth Station: Park There are many beautiful parks in Beijing, such as the Summer Palace and Tiantan Park. You can relax in these places and enjoy the beauty of nature. Fifth stop: cultural experience In addition to attractions and food, I also participated in some cultural activities. I studied Tai Chi, put on Hanfu, and went to the place where folk artists performed. These experiences allow me to better understand and appreciate Chinese culture. In short, Beijing is a city with historical and cultural charm. Here you can appreciate different cultural style, taste food and shopping. If you like to explore new things and experience culture, I strongly recommend that you travel to Beijing! | First of all, for our Chinese, Beijing is not only a gourmet paradise, but also a city with a perfect combination of history, culture, and modern life. " cultural experience 1. Great Wall 2. Forbidden City 3. Tiananmen Square 4. 798 Art District 5. Tea ceremony experience 6. Restaurant tastes traditional Beijing cuisine Must visit attractions 1. Great Wall 2. Forbidden City 3. Tiananmen Square 4. Summer Palace 5. Tiantan Park In addition, we can experience traditional handicrafts in the capital of China, including making noodles, making pottery, and so on. If you want to relax your body and mind at night, then Qianmen Street and Sanlitun Bar Street are very good choices. All in all, Beijing is a city worth visiting. Whether you are a cultural lover or just a person who likes shopping, this city has enough places to let you discover new ones |
| Write a paper abstract in the field of computer science. | This study aims to improve the performance and effect of artificial intelligence models, especially in applications on big data sets. We will use deep learning technology to train models and optimize parameters to achieve better results. This study aims to improve its performance in large data set applications by improving the performance and effect of artificial intelligence models. We have adopted deep learning technology |
