requests html

Permintaan-HTML: Parsing HTML untuk Manusia™

Pustaka ini bermaksud membuat penguraian HTML (misalnya menggores web) sesederhana dan seintuitif mungkin.

Saat menggunakan perpustakaan ini Anda secara otomatis mendapatkan:

Dukungan JavaScript penuh ! (Menggunakan Chromium, terima kasih kepada pyppeteer)
Pemilih CSS (alias gaya jQuery, berkat PyQuery).
Pemilih XPath , untuk yang lemah hati.
Agen pengguna yang diejek (seperti browser web asli).
Mengikuti pengalihan secara otomatis.
Koneksi–pengumpulan dan persistensi cookie.
Pengalaman Permintaan yang Anda kenal dan sukai, dengan kemampuan penguraian yang ajaib.
Dukungan Asinkron

Tutorial & Penggunaan

Buat permintaan GET ke 'python.org', menggunakan Permintaan:

>>> from requests_html import HTMLSession
>>> session = HTMLSession()
>>> r = session.get( ' https://python.org/ ' )

Coba async dan dapatkan beberapa situs secara bersamaan:

>>> from requests_html import AsyncHTMLSession
>>> asession = AsyncHTMLSession()
>>> async def get_pythonorg ():
...     r = await asession.get( ' https://python.org/ ' )
...     return r
...
>>> async def get_reddit ():
...    r = await asession.get( ' https://reddit.com/ ' )
...    return r
...
>>> async def get_google ():
...    r = await asession.get( ' https://google.com/ ' )
...    return r
...
>>> results = asession.run(get_pythonorg, get_reddit, get_google)
>>> results # check the requests all returned a 200 (success) code
[<Response [200]>, <Response [200]>, <Response [200]>]
>>> # Each item in the results list is a response object and can be interacted with as such
>>> for result in results:
...     print (result.html.url)
...
https://www.python.org/
https://www.google.com/
https://www.reddit.com/

Perhatikan bahwa urutan objek dalam daftar hasil mewakili urutan objek dikembalikan, bukan urutan penerusan coroutine ke metode run , yang ditunjukkan dalam contoh dengan urutan yang berbeda.

Ambil daftar semua tautan di halaman, apa adanya (tidak termasuk jangkar):

>>> r.html.links
{'//docs.python.org/3/tutorial/', '/about/apps/', 'https://github.com/python/pythondotorg/issues', '/accounts/login/', '/dev/peps/', '/about/legal/', '//docs.python.org/3/tutorial/introduction.html#lists', '/download/alternatives', 'http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/PythonInsider/~3/kihd2DW98YY/python-370a4-is-available-for-testing.html', '/download/other/', '/downloads/windows/', 'https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-dev', '/doc/av', 'https://devguide.python.org/', '/about/success/#engineering', 'https://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonEventsCalendar#Submitting_an_Event', 'https://www.openstack.org', '/about/gettingstarted/', 'http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/PythonInsider/~3/AMoBel8b8Mc/python-3.html', '/success-stories/industrial-light-magic-runs-python/', 'http://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/introduction.html#using-python-as-a-calculator', '/', 'http://pyfound.blogspot.com/', '/events/python-events/past/', '/downloads/release/python-2714/', 'https://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonBooks', 'http://plus.google.com/+Python', 'https://wiki.python.org/moin/', 'https://status.python.org/', '/community/workshops/', '/community/lists/', 'http://buildbot.net/', '/community/awards', 'http://twitter.com/ThePSF', 'https://docs.python.org/3/license.html', '/psf/donations/', 'http://wiki.python.org/moin/Languages', '/dev/', '/events/python-user-group/', 'https://wiki.qt.io/PySide', '/community/sigs/', 'https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/PyGObject', 'http://www.ansible.com', 'http://www.saltstack.com', 'http://planetpython.org/', '/events/python-events', '/about/help/', '/events/python-user-group/past/', '/about/success/', '/psf-landing/', '/about/apps', '/about/', 'http://www.wxpython.org/', '/events/python-user-group/665/', 'https://www.python.org/psf/codeofconduct/', '/dev/peps/peps.rss', '/downloads/source/', '/psf/sponsorship/sponsors/', 'http://bottlepy.org', 'http://roundup.sourceforge.net/', 'http://pandas.pydata.org/', 'http://brochure.getpython.info/', 'https://bugs.python.org/', '/community/merchandise/', 'http://tornadoweb.org', '/events/python-user-group/650/', 'http://flask.pocoo.org/', '/downloads/release/python-364/', '/events/python-user-group/660/', '/events/python-user-group/638/', '/psf/', '/doc/', 'http://blog.python.org', '/events/python-events/604/', '/about/success/#government', 'http://python.org/dev/peps/', 'https://docs.python.org', 'http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/PythonInsider/~3/zVC80sq9s00/python-364-is-now-available.html', '/users/membership/', '/about/success/#arts', 'https://wiki.python.org/moin/Python2orPython3', '/downloads/', '/jobs/', 'http://trac.edgewall.org/', 'http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/PythonInsider/~3/wh73_1A-N7Q/python-355rc1-and-python-348rc1-are-now.html', '/privacy/', 'https://pypi.python.org/', 'http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/software/pyqt/intro', 'http://www.scipy.org', '/community/forums/', '/about/success/#scientific', '/about/success/#software-development', '/shell/', '/accounts/signup/', 'http://www.facebook.com/pythonlang?fref=ts', '/community/', 'https://kivy.org/', '/about/quotes/', 'http://www.web2py.com/', '/community/logos/', '/community/diversity/', '/events/calendars/', 'https://wiki.python.org/moin/BeginnersGuide', '/success-stories/', '/doc/essays/', '/dev/core-mentorship/', 'http://ipython.org', '/events/', '//docs.python.org/3/tutorial/controlflow.html', '/about/success/#education', '/blogs/', '/community/irc/', 'http://pycon.blogspot.com/', '//jobs.python.org', 'http://www.pylonsproject.org/', 'http://www.djangoproject.com/', '/downloads/mac-osx/', '/about/success/#business', 'http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/PythonInsider/~3/x_c9D0S-4C4/python-370b1-is-now-available-for.html', 'http://wiki.python.org/moin/TkInter', 'https://docs.python.org/faq/', '//docs.python.org/3/tutorial/controlflow.html#defining-functions'}

Ambil daftar semua tautan di halaman, dalam bentuk absolut (tidak termasuk jangkar):

>>> r.html.absolute_links
{'https://github.com/python/pythondotorg/issues', 'https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/', 'https://www.python.org/about/success/', 'http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/PythonInsider/~3/kihd2DW98YY/python-370a4-is-available-for-testing.html', 'https://www.python.org/dev/peps/', 'https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-dev', 'https://www.python.org/doc/', 'https://www.python.org/', 'https://www.python.org/about/', 'https://www.python.org/events/python-events/past/', 'https://devguide.python.org/', 'https://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonEventsCalendar#Submitting_an_Event', 'https://www.openstack.org', 'http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/PythonInsider/~3/AMoBel8b8Mc/python-3.html', 'https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/introduction.html#lists', 'http://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/introduction.html#using-python-as-a-calculator', 'http://pyfound.blogspot.com/', 'https://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonBooks', 'http://plus.google.com/+Python', 'https://wiki.python.org/moin/', 'https://www.python.org/events/python-events', 'https://status.python.org/', 'https://www.python.org/about/apps', 'https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-2714/', 'https://www.python.org/psf/donations/', 'http://buildbot.net/', 'http://twitter.com/ThePSF', 'https://docs.python.org/3/license.html', 'http://wiki.python.org/moin/Languages', 'https://docs.python.org/faq/', 'https://jobs.python.org', 'https://www.python.org/about/success/#software-development', 'https://www.python.org/about/success/#education', 'https://www.python.org/community/logos/', 'https://www.python.org/doc/av', 'https://wiki.qt.io/PySide', 'https://www.python.org/events/python-user-group/660/', 'https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/PyGObject', 'http://www.ansible.com', 'http://www.saltstack.com', 'https://www.python.org/dev/peps/peps.rss', 'http://planetpython.org/', 'https://www.python.org/events/python-user-group/past/', 'https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/controlflow.html#defining-functions', 'https://www.python.org/community/diversity/', 'https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/controlflow.html', 'https://www.python.org/community/awards', 'https://www.python.org/events/python-user-group/638/', 'https://www.python.org/about/legal/', 'https://www.python.org/dev/', 'https://www.python.org/download/alternatives', 'https://www.python.org/downloads/', 'https://www.python.org/community/lists/', 'http://www.wxpython.org/', 'https://www.python.org/about/success/#government', 'https://www.python.org/psf/', 'https://www.python.org/psf/codeofconduct/', 'http://bottlepy.org', 'http://roundup.sourceforge.net/', 'http://pandas.pydata.org/', 'http://brochure.getpython.info/', 'https://www.python.org/downloads/source/', 'https://bugs.python.org/', 'https://www.python.org/downloads/mac-osx/', 'https://www.python.org/about/help/', 'http://tornadoweb.org', 'http://flask.pocoo.org/', 'https://www.python.org/users/membership/', 'http://blog.python.org', 'https://www.python.org/privacy/', 'https://www.python.org/about/gettingstarted/', 'http://python.org/dev/peps/', 'https://www.python.org/about/apps/', 'https://docs.python.org', 'https://www.python.org/success-stories/', 'https://www.python.org/community/forums/', 'http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/PythonInsider/~3/zVC80sq9s00/python-364-is-now-available.html', 'https://www.python.org/community/merchandise/', 'https://www.python.org/about/success/#arts', 'https://wiki.python.org/moin/Python2orPython3', 'http://trac.edgewall.org/', 'http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/PythonInsider/~3/wh73_1A-N7Q/python-355rc1-and-python-348rc1-are-now.html', 'https://pypi.python.org/', 'https://www.python.org/events/python-user-group/650/', 'http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/software/pyqt/intro', 'https://www.python.org/about/quotes/', 'https://www.python.org/downloads/windows/', 'https://www.python.org/events/calendars/', 'http://www.scipy.org', 'https://www.python.org/community/workshops/', 'https://www.python.org/blogs/', 'https://www.python.org/accounts/signup/', 'https://www.python.org/events/', 'https://kivy.org/', 'http://www.facebook.com/pythonlang?fref=ts', 'http://www.web2py.com/', 'https://www.python.org/psf/sponsorship/sponsors/', 'https://www.python.org/community/', 'https://www.python.org/download/other/', 'https://www.python.org/psf-landing/', 'https://www.python.org/events/python-user-group/665/', 'https://wiki.python.org/moin/BeginnersGuide', 'https://www.python.org/accounts/login/', 'https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-364/', 'https://www.python.org/dev/core-mentorship/', 'https://www.python.org/about/success/#business', 'https://www.python.org/community/sigs/', 'https://www.python.org/events/python-user-group/', 'http://ipython.org', 'https://www.python.org/shell/', 'https://www.python.org/community/irc/', 'https://www.python.org/about/success/#engineering', 'http://www.pylonsproject.org/', 'http://pycon.blogspot.com/', 'https://www.python.org/about/success/#scientific', 'https://www.python.org/doc/essays/', 'http://www.djangoproject.com/', 'https://www.python.org/success-stories/industrial-light-magic-runs-python/', 'http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/PythonInsider/~3/x_c9D0S-4C4/python-370b1-is-now-available-for.html', 'http://wiki.python.org/moin/TkInter', 'https://www.python.org/jobs/', 'https://www.python.org/events/python-events/604/'}

Pilih elemen dengan Pemilih CSS:

>>> about = r.html.find( ' #about ' , first = True )

Ambil konten teks elemen:

>>> print (about.text)
About
Applications
Quotes
Getting Started
Help
Python Brochure

Introspeksi atribut Elemen:

>>> about.attrs
{'id': 'about', 'class': ('tier-1', 'element-1'), 'aria-haspopup': 'true'}

Render HTML Elemen:

>>> about.html
'<li aria-haspopup="true" class="tier-1 element-1 " id="about">n<a class="" href="/about/" title="">About</a>n<ul aria-hidden="true" class="subnav menu" role="menu">n<li class="tier-2 element-1" role="treeitem"><a href="/about/apps/" title="">Applications</a></li>n<li class="tier-2 element-2" role="treeitem"><a href="/about/quotes/" title="">Quotes</a></li>n<li class="tier-2 element-3" role="treeitem"><a href="/about/gettingstarted/" title="">Getting Started</a></li>n<li class="tier-2 element-4" role="treeitem"><a href="/about/help/" title="">Help</a></li>n<li class="tier-2 element-5" role="treeitem"><a href="http://brochure.getpython.info/" title="">Python Brochure</a></li>n</ul>n</li>'

Pilih Elemen dalam Elemen:

>>> about.find( ' a ' )
[<Element 'a' href='/about/' title='' class=''>, <Element 'a' href='/about/apps/' title=''>, <Element 'a' href='/about/quotes/' title=''>, <Element 'a' href='/about/gettingstarted/' title=''>, <Element 'a' href='/about/help/' title=''>, <Element 'a' href='http://brochure.getpython.info/' title=''>]

Telusuri tautan dalam suatu elemen:

>>> about.absolute_links
{'http://brochure.getpython.info/', 'https://www.python.org/about/gettingstarted/', 'https://www.python.org/about/', 'https://www.python.org/about/quotes/', 'https://www.python.org/about/help/', 'https://www.python.org/about/apps/'}

Cari teks di halaman:

>>> r.html.search( ' Python is a {} language ' )[ 0 ]
programming

Contoh Pemilih CSS yang lebih kompleks (disalin dari alat pengembang Chrome):

>>> r = session.get( ' https://github.com/ ' )
>>> sel = ' body > div.application-main > div.jumbotron.jumbotron-codelines > div > div > div.col-md-7.text-center.text-md-left > p '
>>> print (r.html.find(sel, first = True ).text)
GitHub is a development platform inspired by the way you work. From open source to business, you can host and review code, manage projects, and build software alongside millions of other developers.

XPath juga didukung:

>>> r.html.xpath( ' /html/body/div[1]/a ' )
[<Element 'a' class=('px-2', 'py-4', 'show-on-focus', 'js-skip-to-content') href='#start-of-content' tabindex='1'>]

Dukungan JavaScript

Mari ambil beberapa teks yang dirender oleh JavaScript. Hingga tahun 2020, jam hitung mundur Python 2.7 (https://pythonclock.org) akan berfungsi sebagai halaman pengujian yang baik:

>>> r = session.get( ' https://pythonclock.org ' )

Mari kita coba dan lihat kode yang dirender secara dinamis (Jam hitung mundur). Untuk melakukannya dengan cepat pada awalnya, kita akan mencari di antara teks terakhir yang kita lihat sebelumnya ('Python 2.7 akan dihentikan pada...') dan teks pertama yang kita lihat setelahnya ('Aktifkan Mode Guido').

>>> r.html.search( ' Python 2.7 will retire in... {} Enable Guido Mode ' )[ 0 ]
'</h1>n        </div>n        <div class="python-27-clock"></div>n        <div class="center">n            <div class="guido-button-block">n                <button class="js-guido-mode guido-button">'

Perhatikan jamnya hilang. Metode render() mengambil respons dan merender konten dinamis seperti yang dilakukan browser web.

>>> r.html.render()
>>> r.html.search( ' Python 2.7 will retire in... {} Enable Guido Mode ' )[ 0 ]
'</h1>n        </div>n        <div class="python-27-clock is-countdown"><span class="countdown-row countdown-show6"><span class="countdown-section"><span class="countdown-amount">1</span><span class="countdown-period">Year</span></span><span class="countdown-section"><span class="countdown-amount">2</span><span class="countdown-period">Months</span></span><span class="countdown-section"><span class="countdown-amount">28</span><span class="countdown-period">Days</span></span><span class="countdown-section"><span class="countdown-amount">16</span><span class="countdown-period">Hours</span></span><span class="countdown-section"><span class="countdown-amount">52</span><span class="countdown-period">Minutes</span></span><span class="countdown-section"><span class="countdown-amount">46</span><span class="countdown-period">Seconds</span></span></span></div>n        <div class="center">n            <div class="guido-button-block">n                <button class="js-guido-mode guido-button">'

Mari kita bersihkan sedikit. Langkah ini tidak diperlukan, ini hanya mempermudah memvisualisasikan html yang dikembalikan untuk melihat apa yang perlu kita targetkan untuk mengekstrak informasi yang diperlukan.

       >>> from pprint import pprint
       >>> pprint(r.html.search('Python 2.7 will retire in...{}Enable')[0])
       ('</h1>n'
'        </div>n'
'        <div class="python-27-clock is-countdown"><span class="countdown-row '
'countdown-show6"><span class="countdown-section"><span '
'class="countdown-amount">1</span><span '
'class="countdown-period">Year</span></span><span '
'class="countdown-section"><span class="countdown-amount">2</span><span '
'class="countdown-period">Months</span></span><span '
'class="countdown-section"><span class="countdown-amount">28</span><span '
'class="countdown-period">Days</span></span><span '
'class="countdown-section"><span class="countdown-amount">16</span><span '
'class="countdown-period">Hours</span></span><span '
'class="countdown-section"><span class="countdown-amount">52</span><span '
'class="countdown-period">Minutes</span></span><span '
'class="countdown-section"><span class="countdown-amount">46</span><span '
'class="countdown-period">Seconds</span></span></span></div>n'
'        <div class="center">n'
'            <div class="guido-button-block">n'
'                <button class="js-guido-mode guido-button">')

HTML yang dirender memiliki semua metode dan atribut yang sama seperti di atas. Mari kita ekstrak hanya data yang kita inginkan menjadi sesuatu yang mudah digunakan di tempat lain dan introspeksi seperti kamus.

>>> periods = [element.text for element in r.html.find( ' .countdown-period ' )]
>>> amounts = [element.text for element in r.html.find( ' .countdown-amount ' )]
>>> countdown_data = dict ( zip (periods, amounts))
>>> countdown_data
{'Year': '1', 'Months': '2', 'Days': '5', 'Hours': '23', 'Minutes': '34', 'Seconds': '37'}

Atau Anda juga dapat melakukan async ini:

>>> async def get_pyclock ():
...     r = await asession.get( ' https://pythonclock.org/ ' )
...     await r.html.arender()
...     return r
...
>>> results = asession.run(get_pyclock, get_pyclock, get_pyclock)

Kode lainnya beroperasi dengan cara yang sama seperti versi sinkron, kecuali bahwa results adalah daftar yang berisi beberapa objek respons, namun proses dasar yang sama dapat diterapkan seperti di atas untuk mengekstrak data yang Anda inginkan.

Catatan, pertama kali Anda menjalankan metode render() , Chromium akan diunduh ke direktori home Anda (misalnya ~/.pyppeteer/ ). Ini hanya terjadi sekali.

Menggunakan tanpa Permintaan

Anda juga dapat menggunakan perpustakaan ini tanpa Permintaan:

>>> from requests_html import HTML
>>> doc = """ <a href='https://httpbin.org'> """
>>> html = HTML( html = doc)
>>> html.links
{'https://httpbin.org'}