ugrep
v7.1.1
[自述文件|使用者指南 |索引 |基準 |問與答]
選項 -Q 開啟查詢 TUI 以在您鍵入時搜尋檔案！
ugrep 速度快、用戶友好，並且配備了大量用戶想要的新功能
包括帶有內建幫助的互動式TUI、帶有AND/OR/NOT 模式的類似Google 搜尋、模糊搜尋、搜尋（嵌套）zip/7z/tar/pax/cpio 檔案、tarball 和壓縮檔案gz/Z/ bz/ bz2/lzma/xz/lz4/zstd/brotli，搜尋和十六進位轉儲二進位文件，搜尋 PDF、doc、docx 等文檔，並以 JSON、XML、CSV 或您自己的自訂格式輸出
Unicode 擴充正規表示式模式語法，具有多行模式匹配，無需特殊命令列選項
包括檔案索引器，以加快搜尋慢速和冷檔案系統的速度
GNU grep 的真正直接替代品（假設您將ug複製或符號鏈接到grep 、 egrep和fgrep ），不像其他流行的grep 聲稱是“grep 替代品”或“替代品”，而實際上它們實現了不相容的命令列選項並使用不相容的正規表示式匹配器，即當 ugrep 支援所有正規表示式模式時，Perl 正規表示式僅與 POSIX BRE (grep) 和 ERE (egrep) 比較
基準測試顯示 ugrep 是使用基於 DFA 的高效能正規表示式匹配器 RE/flex 最快的 grep 之一
如果需要改進或添加到 ugrep 中，請告訴我！
#1 優先事項是品質保證，以繼續確保 ugrep 沒有錯誤並且可靠
使 ugrep 運行得更快，例如參見#432、#421
分享可重複的效能結果
ug用於互動式使用，它根據您的首選項加載位於工作目錄或主目錄中的可選 .ugrep 配置文件， ug+還搜索 pdf、文檔、電子書、圖像元數據
ugrep用於批次使用，如沒有 .ugrep 配置文件的 GNU grep， ugrep+還可以搜尋 pdf、文件、電子書、圖像元數據
預設符合 Unicode 模式並自動搜尋 UTF-8、UTF-16 和 UTF-32 編碼文件
與正規表示式模式中的n或R匹配多行，不需要特殊選項即可執行此操作！
內建幫助： ug --help ，其中ug --help WHAT顯示與您要尋找的WHAT相關的選項
ug --help regex 、 ug --help globs 、 ug --help fuzzy 、 ug --help format 。
使用者友好，可自訂設定文件，由ug命令使用，用於互動式使用，根據您的首選項載入 .ugrep 設定文件
ug PATTERN ... ugrep --config PATTERN ...
ug --save-config ...options-you-want-to-save...將 .ugrep 設定檔儲存在工作目錄中，以便下次執行ug時它會使用這些選項。在您的主目錄中執行此操作，以儲存包含您通常想要使用的選項的 .ugrep 設定檔。
互動式查詢 TUI，按 F1 或 CTRL-Z 取得協助，按 TAB/SHIFT-TAB 導覽至目錄和文件
ug -Q ug -Q -e PATTERN
-Q替換命令列上的PATTERN ，以便您在 TUI 中以互動方式輸入模式。在 TUI 中，使用 ALT+字母鍵開啟/關閉短“字母選項”，例如 ALT-n（選項-n ）顯示/隱藏行號。
搜尋檔案（zip、tar、pax、jar、cpio、7z）和壓縮檔案（gz、Z、bz、bz2、lzma、xz、lz4、zstd、brotli）的內容
ug -z PATTERN ... ug -z --zmax=2 PATTERN ...
指定-z --zmax=2搜尋壓縮檔案和嵌套在檔案中的存檔。 --zmax參數的範圍可以從 1（預設）到 99，最多可進行 99 個解壓縮和解存檔步驟來搜尋嵌套存檔
使用與 Google 類似的布林查詢模式進行搜索，使用-%模式與AND （或僅空格）、 OR （或條| ）、 NOT （或破折號- ），使用引號精確匹配，並使用( )分組（顯示在下面的左側）；或使用選項-e （作為「或」）、 --and 、 --andnot和--not正規表示式模式（如下右所示）：
ug -% 'A B C' ... ug -e 'A' --and 'B' --and 'C' ...
ug -% 'A|B C' ... ug -e 'A' -e 'B' --and 'C' ...
ug -% 'A -B -C' ... ug -e 'A' --andnot 'B' --andnot 'C' ...
ug -% 'A -(B|C)'... ug -e 'A' --andnot 'B' --andnot 'C' ...
ug -% '"abc" "def"' ... ug -e 'QabcE' --and 'QdefE' ...
其中A 、 B和C是任意正規表示式模式（使用選項-F搜尋字串）
指定選項-%% ( --bool --files ) 將布林查詢套用至整個檔案：如果透過檔案範圍內的符合模式滿足所有布林條件，則檔案符合。否則，布林條件預設會套用於單行，因為 grep 實用程式通常是基於行的模式匹配器。選項--stats在搜尋完成後以人類可讀的形式顯示查詢。
使用與檔案副檔名關聯的過濾器，透過ug+搜尋 pdf、doc、docx、電子書等：
ug+ PATTERN ...
或指定--filter與文件類型以使用過濾器實用程式：
ug --filter='pdf:pdftotext % -' PATTERN ...
ug --filter='doc:antiword %' PATTERN ...
ug --filter='odt,docx,epub,rtf:pandoc --wrap=preserve -t plain % -o -' PATTERN ...
ug --filter='odt,doc,docx,rtf,xls,xlsx,ppt,pptx:soffice --headless --cat %' PATTERN ...
ug --filter='pem:openssl x509 -text,cer,crt,der:openssl x509 -text -inform der' PATTERN ...
ug --filter='latin1:iconv -f LATIN1 -t UTF-8' PATTERN ...
ug+指令與ug指令相同，但也使用篩選器來搜尋 PDF、文件和影像元數據
使用選項-o ( --only-matching ) 和上下文選項-ABC顯示水平上下文，例如在很長的行中尋找匹配項，例如 Javascript 和 JSON 來源：
ug -o -C20 -nk PATTERN longlines.js
-o -C20適合所有與上下文相符的前 20 個字元和後 20 個字元（即總共 40 個 Unicode 字元）， -nk輸出行號和列號。
在指定的編輯距離內透過模糊搜尋查找近似模式匹配
ug -Z PATTERN ... ug -Z3 PATTTERN ...
-Zn最多匹配n額外、缺少或替換的字符， -Z+n最多匹配n額外字符， -Zn最多匹配n缺失字符， -Z~n最多匹配n替換字符。 -Z預設為-Z1 。
使用正則表達式（或使用-F的固定字符串）進行類似 Fzf 的搜索，使用-Z+4進行最多 4 個額外字符的模糊匹配，僅使用-w進行單詞匹配，使用-%%進行文件範圍的布林搜尋
ug -Q -%% -l -w -Z+4 --sort=best
-l列出 TUI 中的匹配文件，按TAB然後按ALT-y查看文件， SHIFT-TAB和Alt-l返回查看按最佳匹配排序的匹配文件列表
搜尋二進位檔案並顯示具有二進位模式匹配的十六進位轉儲（Unicode 文字或-U表示位元組模式）
ug --hexdump -U BYTEPATTERN ... ug --hexdump TEXTPATTERN ...
ug -X -U BYTEPATTERN ... ug -X TEXTPATTERN ...
ug -W -U BYTEPATTERN ... ug -W TEXTPATTERN ...
--hexdump=4chC1顯示4列十六進制，沒有字元列c ，沒有十六進制間距h ，並且在匹配之前和之後有一個額外的十六進制行C1 。
包含要按文件類型或文件“魔字節”搜尋的文件，或使用^排除它們
ug -t TYPE PATTERN ... ug -t ^TYPE PATTERN ...
ug -M 'MAGIC' PATTERN ... ug -M '^MAGIC' PATTERN ...
包含要搜尋的與 gitignore 風格的 glob 相符的檔案和目錄，或使用^排除它們
ug -g 'FILEGLOB' PATTERN ... ug -g '^FILEGLOB' PATTERN ...
ug -g 'DIRGLOB/' PATTERN ... ug -g '^DIRGLOB/' PATTERN ...
ug -g 'PATH/FILEGLOB' PATTERN ... ug -g '^PATH/FILEGLOB' PATTERN ...
ug -g 'PATH/DIRGLOB/' PATTERN ... ug -g '^PATH/DIRGLOB/' PATTERN ...
包含要按文件副檔名（後綴）搜尋的文件，或使用^ （ -g"*.EXT"的簡寫）排除它們
ug -O EXT PATTERN ... ug -O ^EXT PATTERN ...
包括要搜尋的隱藏檔案（點檔案）和目錄（預設省略）
ug -. PATTERN ... ug -g'.*,.*/' PATTERN ...
在 .ugrep 中指定hidden始終使用ug搜尋隱藏檔案。
排除 .gitignore 等指定的檔案。
ug --ignore-files PATTERN ... ug --ignore-files=.ignore PATTERN ...
在 .ugrep 中指定ignore-files以便始終使用ug忽略它們。根據需要增加額外的ignore-files=...
排除否定模式的搜尋模式（「符合這個但不符合那個」）
ug -e PATTERN -N NOTPATTERN ... ug -e '[0-9]+' -N 123 ...
使用預先定義的正規表示式模式來搜尋原始程式碼、javascript、XML、JSON、HTML、PHP、markdown 等。
ug PATTERN -f c++/zap_comments -f c++/zap_strings ...
ug PATTERN -f php/zap_html ...
ug -f js/functions ... | ug PATTERN ...
按名稱、最佳匹配、大小和時間對匹配文件進行排序
ug --sort PATTERN ... ug --sort=size PATTERN ...
ug --sort=changed PATTERN ... ug --sort=created PATTERN ...
ug -Z --sort=best PATTERN ... ug --no-sort PATTERN ...
以 CSV、JSON、XML 和使用者指定格式輸出結果
ug --csv PATTERN ... ug --json PATTERN ...
ug --xml PATTERN ... ug --format='file=%f line=%n match=%O%~' PATTERN ...
ug --help format顯示有關自訂輸出的格式%欄位的幫助。
使用 PCRE 的 Perl 相容正規表示式模式進行搜尋並顯示或替換子模式匹配
ug -P PATTERN ... ug -P --format='%1 and %2%~' 'PATTERN(SUB1)(SUB2)' ...
使用 -P 和 --replace 取代文字取代輸出中的模式，可選地包含%格式字段，使用-y傳遞檔案的其餘部分：
ug --replace='TEXT' PATTERN ... ug -y --replace='TEXT' PATTERN ...
ug --replace='(%m:%o)' PATTERN ... ug -y --replace='(%m:%o)' PATTERN ...
ug -P --replace='%1' PATTERN ... ug -y -P --replace='%1' PATTERN ...
ug --help format顯示有關 format %欄位的協助，可以選擇與--replace一起使用。
搜尋具有特定編碼格式的文件，例如 ISO-8859-1 至 16、CP 437、CP 850、MACROMAN、KOI8 等。
ug --encoding=LATIN1 PATTERN ...
使用 Homebrew 安裝最新的 ugrep：
$ brew install ugrep
或使用 MacPorts 安裝：
$ sudo port install ugrep
這將安裝ugrep和ug命令，其中ug與ugrep相同，但也會載入工作目錄或主目錄中存在的設定檔 .ugrep。
使用 Winget 安裝winget install Genivia.ugrep
或使用 Chocolatey choco install ugrep安裝
或使用 Scoop scoop install ugrep安裝
或從 https://github.com/Genivia/ugrep/releases 下載全功能的ugrep.exe可執行檔作為發布工件。壓縮版本包含主要的ugrep.exe二進位檔案以及ug.exe 。 ug指令用於互動式使用，從.ugrep設定檔（當存在於工作目錄或主目錄中）載入和讀取設定。
將ugrep.exe和ug.exe新增至您的執行路徑：前往「設定」並在「尋找設定」中搜尋「路徑」。選擇環境變數->路徑->新建，然後新增放置ugrep.exe和ug.exe執行檔的目錄。
提示
在 Windows 命令列上使用ugrep.exe和ug.exe的實用提示：
'引號，而是使用" ；大多數 Windows 命令實用程式將單'引號視為命令列參數的一部分！-g/GLOB指定，而不是使用通常的GLOB命令列參數來選擇要搜尋的檔案和目錄，特別是對於遞歸搜尋；""來符合所有輸入時，某些Windows命令解釋器（例如Powershell）可能會忽略它，在這種情況下，您必須指定選項--match ；R而不是n來匹配任何 Unicode 換行符，例如rn對以及單一r和n 。 $ apk add ugrep ugrep-doc
檢查 https://pkgs.alpinelinux.org/packages?name=ugrep 以了解版本資訊。
$ pacman -S ugrep
檢查 https://archlinux.org/packages/extra/x86_64/ugrep 以了解版本資訊。
首先啟用 EPEL 儲存庫，然後就可以安裝 ugrep。
$ dnf install ugrep
檢查 https://packages.fedoraproject.org/pkgs/ugrep/ugrep/ 以取得版本資訊。
$ apt-get install ugrep
檢查 https://packages.debian.org/ugrep 以了解版本資訊。若要在本機建置並嘗試ugrep ，請參閱下方的「所有平台」建置步驟。
$ dnf install ugrep
檢查 https://packages.fedoraproject.org/pkgs/ugrep/ugrep/ 以取得版本資訊。
$ pkg install ugrep
檢查 https://www.freshports.org/textproc/ugrep 以了解版本資訊。
$ pkgman install cmd:ugrep
檢查 https://github.com/haikuports/haikuports/tree/master/app-text/ugrep 以了解版本資訊。若要在本機建置並嘗試ugrep ，請參閱下方的「所有平台」建置步驟。
您可以使用標準 NetBSD 軟體包安裝程式 (pkgsrc)：http://cdn.netbsd.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/textproc/ugrep/README.html
$ pkg_add ugrep
檢查 https://openports.pl/path/sysutils/ugrep 以取得版本資訊。
$ zypper install ugrep
檢查 https://build.opensuse.org/package/show/utilities/ugrep 以了解版本資訊。
首先啟用 EPEL 儲存庫，然後就可以安裝 ugrep。
$ dnf install ugrep
檢查 https://packages.fedoraproject.org/pkgs/ugrep/ugrep/ 以取得版本資訊。
克隆ugrep
$ git clone https://github.com/Genivia/ugrep
或造訪 https://github.com/Genivia/ugrep/releases 下載特定版本。
當您需要這些功能時，您可以隨時添加這些功能：
選項-P （Perl 正規表示式）需要 PCRE2 函式庫（建議）或 Boost.Regex 函式庫（選用後備）。如果未安裝 PCRE2，請使用sudo apt-get install -y libpcre2-dev安裝 PCRE2 或下載 PCRE2 並依照安裝說明進行操作。或者，下載 Boost.Regex 並執行./bootstrap.sh和sudo ./b2 --with-regex install 。請參閱Boost：入門。
選項-z （壓縮檔案和檔案搜尋）需要安裝 zlib 函式庫。它安裝在大多數系統上。如果沒有，請安裝它，例如使用sudo apt-get install -y libz-dev 。要搜尋.bz和.bz2文件，請安裝 bzip2 庫（建議），例如使用sudo apt-get install -y libbz2-dev 。要搜尋.lzma和.xz文件，請安裝 lzma 庫（推薦），例如使用sudo apt-get install -y liblzma-dev 。要搜尋.lz4文件，請安裝 lz4 庫（可選，不是必需），例如使用sudo apt-get install -y liblz4-dev 。要搜尋.zst文件，請安裝 zstd 庫（可選，不是必需的），例如使用sudo apt-get install -y libzstd-dev 。要搜尋.br文件，請安裝 brotli 庫（可選，不是必需的），例如使用sudo apt-get install -y libbrotli-dev 。要搜尋.bz3文件，請安裝 bzip3 庫（可選，不是必需），例如使用sudo apt-get install -y bzip3 。
提示
即使您的系統具有命令列實用程式（例如bzip2 ，也不一定意味著安裝了libbz2等開發庫。應安裝開發庫。
某些 Linux 系統可能未配置為從/usr/local/lib載入動態函式庫，導致執行ugrep時出現函式庫載入錯誤。若要修正此問題，請將export LD_LIBRARY_PATH="$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/usr/local/lib"加入~/.bashrc檔案中。或執行sudo ldconfig /usr/local/lib 。
執行./build.sh腳本來建構ugrep ：
$ cd ugrep
$ ./build.sh
這會使用./configure和make -j在ugrep/src目錄中建立ugrep可執行文件，並使用make test進行驗證。當所有測試通過後， ugrep可執行檔將複製到ugrep/bin/ugrep ，並為ug指令新增符號連結ugrep/bin/ug -> ugrep/bin/ugrep 。
請注意， ug與ugrep相同，但也會載入工作目錄或主目錄中存在的設定檔 .ugrep。這表示您可以在 .ugrep 中定義ug的預設選項。
可以使用./build.sh指定已安裝或本機庫的替代路徑。要獲取有關可用建置選項的協助：
$ ./build.sh --help
您可以透過指定來建立靜態可執行檔：
$ ./build.sh --enable-static
如果函式庫不靜態連結（例如 brotli），這可能會失敗。在這種情況下，請嘗試./build.sh --enable-static --without-brotli 。
您可以建立啟用自訂預設值的ugrep ，例如尋呼機：
$ ./build.sh --enable-pager
選擇建構預設值的選項包括：
--help顯示建置選項--enable-static建置靜態可執行檔（如果可能）--enable-hidden總是搜尋隱藏檔案和目錄--enable-pager始終使用尋呼機在終端機上顯示輸出--enable-pretty對終端機的輸出進行著色並新增檔案名稱標題--disable-auto-color停用自動顏色，需要 ugrep 選項--color=auto顯示顏色--disable-mmap停用記憶體映射文件--disable-sse2停用 SSE2 和 AVX 最佳化--disable-avx2停用 AVX2 和 AVX512BW 最佳化，但在支援時使用 SSE2 進行編譯--disable-neon停用 ARM NEON/AArch64 最佳化--with-grep-path如果未定義GREP_PATH則為預設-f路徑--with-grep-colors如果未定義GREP_COLORS則為預設顏色建置完成後，將ugrep/bin/ugrep和ugrep/bin/ug複製到一個方便的位置，例如~/bin目錄中。或者，如果您可能想安裝ugrep和ug命令和手冊頁：
$ sudo make install
這也會在/usr/local/share/ugrep/patterns/處安裝帶有選項-f的預定義模式的模式檔案。選項-f首先檢查工作目錄是否存在模式文件，如果沒有找到，則檢查環境變數GREP_PATH以載入模式文件，如果沒有找到，則讀取已安裝的預定義模式文件。
不幸的是，git 克隆不保留時間戳，這意味著您可能會遇到「警告：系統上缺少『aclocal-1.15』」。或執行make時未找到自動標頭。
若要解決此問題，請執行：
$ autoreconf -fi
$ ./build.sh
GCC 8 及更高版本可能會產生類似「注意：參數傳遞的參數...在 GCC 7.1 中已更改」的警告。應忽略這些警告。
包含一個 Dockerfile，用於在 Ubuntu 容器中建置ugrep 。
開發人員可能希望在進行重大變更時使用 sanitizer 來驗證ugrep程式碼，例如使用 ThreadSanitizer 偵測資料爭用：
$ ./build.sh CXXFLAGS='-fsanitize=thread -O1 -g'
我們使用 clang AddressSanitizer、MemorySanitizer、ThreadSanitizer 和 UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer 檢查了ugrep 。這些選項會產生大量的運行時開銷，不應用於最終建置。
？回目錄
請注意， ugrep和ug命令預設搜尋二進位文件，並且不會忽略 .gitignore 指定的文件，這不會使遞歸搜尋效能比較有意義，除非使用選項-I和--ignore-files 。要讓這些選項成為ug的預設選項，只需將ignore-binary和ignore-files新增至您的 .ugrep 設定檔。
有關最新 ugrep 的最新效能比較，請參閱 ugrep 效能基準。 Ugrep 比 GNU grep、Silver Searcher、ack、sift 更快。 Ugrep 的速度在大多數基準測試中都優於 ripgrep。
首先，我們在 Vim 中定義:grep指令來遞歸搜尋檔案。為此，請將以下行新增至位於根目錄中的.vimrc中：
if executable('ugrep')
set grepprg=ugrep -RInk -j -u --tabs=1 --ignore-files
set grepformat=%f:%l:%c:%m,%f+%l+%c+%m,%-G%f\|%l\|%c\|%m
endif
這使用 Vim :grep命令指定-j不區分大小寫的搜尋。對於區分大小寫的搜索，請從grepprg中刪除 -j 。同一行上的多個符合項目會分別在快速修復視窗中列出。如果不需要，請從grepprg中刪除 -u 。透過此更改，僅顯示一行中的第一個符合項目。選項--ignore-files會跳過.gitignore檔案中指定的檔案（如果存在）。若要將遞歸搜尋的深度限制為僅當前目錄，請將 -1附加到grepprg 。
現在，您可以在 Vim 中呼叫 Vim :grep命令來搜尋指定PATH上的檔案以查找PATTERN匹配項：
:grep PATTERN [PATH]
如果省略PATH ，則會搜尋工作目錄。使用%作為PATH僅搜尋 Vim 中目前開啟的檔案：
:grep PATTERN %
:grep指令在快速修復視窗中顯示結果，讓您可以快速跳到找到的符合項目。
若要開啟包含最新符合清單的快速修復視窗：
:copen
雙擊該視窗中的一行（或選擇一行並按 ENTER）可跳到符合的檔案和檔案中的位置。輸入指令:cn和:cp分別跳到下一個或上一個符合項。要更新快速修復視窗中的搜尋結果，只需 grep 即可。例如，要在工作目錄中遞歸搜尋標記為FIXME C++ 原始碼：
:grep -tc++ FIXME
若要關閉快速修復視窗：
:cclose
您可以將ugrep選項與:grep指令一起使用，例如選擇目前檔案中的單行和多行註解：
:grep -f c++/comments %
Quickfix 中僅顯示多行註解的第一行，以節省空間。若要顯示多行符合的所有行，請從grepformat中刪除%-G 。
一個流行的 Vim 工具是 ctrlp.vim，它是透過以下指令安裝的：
$ cd ~/.vim
$ git clone https://github.com/kien/ctrlp.vim.git bundle/ctrlp.vim
CtrlP 透過將以下行加入.vimrc來使用ugrep ：
if executable('ugrep')
set runtimepath^=~/.vim/bundle/ctrlp.vim
let g:ctrlp_match_window='bottom,order:ttb'
let g:ctrlp_user_command='ugrep "" %s -Rl -I --ignore-files -3'
endif
其中-I跳過二進位文件，選項--ignore-files跳過.gitignore文件中指定的文件（如果存在），選項-3將搜尋目錄限制為三個級別（工作目錄以及下面最多兩個級別）。
啟動 Vim 然後輸入指令：
:helptags ~/.vim/bundle/ctrlp.vim/doc
若要在 Vim 中查看 CtrlP 文檔，請輸入命令：
:help ctrlp.txt
？回目錄
感謝 Manuel Uberti，您現在可以在 Emacs 中使用ugrep 。要在 Emacs 中使用ugrep而不是 GNU grep，請將以下行新增至.emacs.d/init.el檔案：
(setq-default xref-search-program ‘ugrep)
這意味著依賴 Xref 的 Emacs 命令（例如project-find-regexp現在可以利用ugrep的強大功能。
此外，可以在 Emacs grep 指令中使用grep 。例如，您可以透過將grep-template自訂為如下所示，使用ugrep運行lgrep ：
(setq-default grep-template "ugrep --color=always -0Iinr -e <R>")
如果您沒有 Emacs 版本 29（或更高版本），您可以從 Emacs master 分支下載並建立 Emacs，或手動啟用 Xref 與ugrep整合：
(with-eval-after-load 'xref
(push '(ugrep . "xargs -0 ugrep <C> --null -ns -e <R>")
xref-search-program-alist)
(setq-default xref-search-program 'ugrep))
？回目錄
開箱即用的ugrep支援所有標準 GNU/BSD grep 命令列選項，並改進了其中的許多選項。有關詳細信息，請參閱相對於 grep 的顯著改進。
如果您想完全遵循 GNU/BSD grep ASCII/LATIN1 非 UTF Unicode 模式，請使用選項-U停用完整的 Unicode 模式匹配。
事實上，使用選項-U 、 -Y 、 -.執行ugrep 。和--sort使其行為與egrep完全相同，僅匹配 ASCII/LATIN1 非 UTF Unicode 模式，允許空模式匹配和搜尋隱藏檔案而不是忽略它們。請參閱 grep 等效項。
您可以使用或不使用選項-U 、 -Y 、 -.和 -- 根據需要--sort或包含其他選項。
或者，您可以透過將ugrep複製到這些名稱來建立grep 、 egrep和fgrep可執行檔。當ugrep （或ugrep.exe ）可執行檔被複製為grep ( grep.exe )、 egrep ( egrep.exe )、 fgrep ( fgrep.exe ) 時，然後是選項-U 、 -Y和-.與grep的-G 、 egrep的-E和fgrep的-F一起自動啟用。此外，複製為zgrep 、 zegrep和zfgrep時，會啟用選項-z 。例如，當ugrep複製為zegrep時，選項-z 、 -E 、 -Y 、 -.和--sort已啟用。
同樣，到ugrep的符號連結和硬連結也可以很好地創建grep 、 egrep和fgrep替代品。例如，要建立符號連結egrep ：
sudo ln -s `which ugrep` /opt/local/bin/egrep
/opt/local/bin只是一個範例，可能會或可能不會在您的$path中，並且在執行egrep時可能會或可能不會找到，這取決於您的$path 。
當使用以下選項時， ugrep相當於 GNU/BSD grep：
grep = ugrep -G -U -Y -. --sort -Dread -dread
egrep = ugrep -E -U -Y -. --sort -Dread -dread
fgrep = ugrep -F -U -Y -. --sort -Dread -dread
zgrep = ugrep -z -G -U -Y -. --sort -Dread -dread
zegrep = ugrep -z -E -U -Y -. --sort -Dread -dread
zfgrep = ugrep -z -F -U -Y -. --sort -Dread -dread
在哪裡：
-U停用 Unicode 寬字元模式匹配，因此例如模式xa3匹配位元組 A3，而不是 UTF-8 序列 C2 A3 表示的 Unicode 代碼點 U+00A3。預設情況下，在 ugrep 中， xa3匹配 U+00A3。我們不建議使用-U進行文字模式搜索，僅用於二進位搜尋或搜尋 latin-1 (iso-8859-1) 檔案而不將這些檔案報告為二進位檔案（自 ugrep v3.5.0 起）。-Y啟用空匹配，因此例如模式a*匹配每一行而不是a序列。預設情況下，在 ugrep 中，模式a*與a的序列相符。此外，在 ugrep 中，模式a*b*c*與預設情況下應該匹配的內容相符。查看改進。-.搜尋隱藏檔案（點檔案）。預設情況下，隱藏檔案會被忽略，就像大多數 Unix 實用程式一樣。--sort指定按路徑名排序的輸出，首先顯示排序的匹配文件，然後顯示子目錄中排序的遞歸匹配項。否則，將不按特定順序報告匹配文件以提高效能；-Dread和-dread是 GNU/BSD grep 預設值，但不建議，請參閱改進以取得解釋。？回目錄
加入.bashrc以提高工作效率的常用別名：
alias uq = 'ug -Q' # interactive TUI search (uses .ugrep config)
alias uz = 'ug -z' # compressed files and archives search (uses .ugrep config)
alias ux = 'ug -U --hexdump' # binary pattern search (uses .ugrep config)
alias ugit = 'ug -R --ignore-files' # works like git-grep & define your preferences in .ugrep config
alias grep = 'ug -G' # search with basic regular expressions (BRE) like grep
alias egrep = 'ug -E' # search with extended regular expressions (ERE) like egrep
alias fgrep = 'ug -F' # find string(s) like fgrep
alias zgrep = 'ug -zG' # search compressed files and archives with BRE
alias zegrep = 'ug -zE' # search compressed files and archives with ERE
alias zfgrep = 'ug -zF' # find string(s) in compressed files and/or archives
alias xdump = 'ugrep -X ""' # hexdump files without searching (don't use .ugrep config)
alias zmore = 'ugrep+ -z -I -+ --pager ""' # view compressed, archived and regular files (don't use .ugrep config)
？回目錄
-Q啟動互動式查詢 TUI。n時， ugrep會跨多行匹配模式。-U停用）。--bool ）。--ignore-files支援 gitignore 。-Z進行模糊（近似）匹配。-z搜尋壓縮檔案和檔案。-z搜尋 cpio、jar、pax、tar、zip 和 7z 檔案。-z和--zmax=NUM方式遞歸儲存在檔案中，深度可達NUM層。--filter搜尋 pdf、doc、docx、xls、xlsx、epub 等。-r遞歸搜尋目錄。-.啟用）。-E作為egrep，而-G啟用 BRE）。-J1停用）。-W （以十六進位輸出二進位匹配，並像往常一樣輸出文字匹配）和-X （以十六進位輸出所有匹配）產生十六進位轉儲。--format ）。-f使用GREP_PATH環境變數或/usr/local/share/ugrep/patterns中安裝的預定義模式。如果指定了-f並指定了一個或多個-e模式，則選項-F 、 -x和-w不適用於-f模式。這是為了避免當-f與可能無法再與這些選項一起正常工作的預定義模式一起使用時產生混淆。-O 、 -M和-t分別指定檔案副檔名、檔案簽章魔術位元組模式和預定義檔類型。這允許在目錄樹中搜尋某些類型的文件，例如使用遞歸搜尋選項-R和-r 。選項-O 、 -M和-t也適用於 cpio、jar、pax、tar、zip 和 7z 檔案中的存檔檔案。-k , --column-number顯示列號，透過擴展製表符考慮製表符間距，如選項--tabs指定。-P （Perl 正規表示式）支援反向引用（使用--format ）和lookbehinds，它使用 PCRE2 或 Boost.Regex 函式庫透過類似 PCRE 的語法進行快速 Perl 正規表示式匹配。-b與選項-o或選項-u一起使用，ugrep 顯示模式匹配的確切位元組偏移量，而不是 GNU/BSD grep 報告的匹配行開頭的位元組偏移量。-u , --ungroup不將每行的多個符合項分組。此選項會針對行上的每個附加模式配對再次顯示符合的輸入行。此選項與選項-c一起特別有用，可以報告每個文件的模式匹配總數，而不是每個文件匹配的行數。-Y允許匹配空模式。使用空匹配模式進行 grep 很奇怪，使用 GNU grep 與 BSD grep 會給出不同的結果。預設情況下， ugrep不輸出空匹配，這避免了可能產生「隨機」結果的錯誤。例如，使用 GNU/BSD grep，模式a*匹配輸入中的每一行，並且實際上匹配xyz三次（ x 、 y和z之前和之間的空轉換）。允許空匹配需要ugrep選項-Y 。以^開頭或以$結尾的模式（例如^h*$匹配空。這些模式會自動啟用選項-Y 。-D, --devices=ACTION預設是skip ，而不是read 。這可以防止意外掛在遞歸搜尋的目錄中的命名管道上，就像預設read裝置的 GNU/BSD grep 可能發生的情況一樣。-d, --directories=ACTION預設是skip ，而不是read 。預設情況下，會搜尋命令列上指定的目錄，但不會遞歸地深入子目錄。-N PATTERN ，它們是(?^X)形式的模式，跳過所有X輸入，從而從搜尋中刪除X例如，在原始程式碼中搜尋識別碼時，可以使用否定模式跳過字串和註釋，並尋找不在字串和註釋中的匹配項。預先定義的zap模式使用負模式，例如，使用-f cpp/zap_comments忽略 C++ 註解中的模式匹配。GREP_OPTIONS環境變量，因為ugrep的行為必須在每個系統上都是可移植和可預測的。由於這個原因，GNU grep 也放棄了GREP_OPTIONS 。請使用ug命令載入位於工作目錄或主目錄（如果存在）中的 .ugrep 設定文件，或使用 shell 別名建立具有特定搜尋選項的新命令。？回目錄
若要使用放置在工作目錄或主目錄中的設定檔.ugrep執行搜尋（請注意ug與ugrep --config相同）：
ug PATTERN FILE...
若要將.ugrep設定檔儲存到工作目錄，然後在主目錄中編輯此檔案以自訂ug預設值的首選項：
ug --save-config
若要搜尋工作目錄並遞歸地更深地尋找main （請注意，如果未指定檔案參數，則預設啟用-r遞歸符號連結）：
ug main
相同，但僅遞歸搜尋 C++ 原始碼文件，忽略所有其他文件：
ug -tc++ main
同樣，使用互動式查詢 TUI，從初始搜尋模式main開始（請注意，帶有初始模式的-Q需要選項-e因為模式通常是互動式指定的，並且所有命令列參數都被視為檔案/目錄）：
ug -Q -tc++ -e main
要在 C++ 檔案中使用正規表示式模式搜尋#define （和# define等）（請注意，應引用模式以防止 shell 通配*和? ）：
ug -tc++ '#[t ]*define'
要在目錄myproject中遞歸搜尋main作為單字 ( -w )，而不遵循符號連結 ( -r )，在匹配的行旁邊顯示匹配的行號 ( -n ) 和列號 ( -k )：
ug -r -nkw main myproject
相同，但僅搜尋myproject而不進行更深層的遞歸（請注意，預設在一級搜尋目錄參數）：
ug -nkw main myproject
相同，但使用-2搜尋myproject和更深一級的子目錄（兩級）：
ug -2 -nkw main myproject
相同，但僅使用-tc++搜尋myproject及其子目錄中的 C++ 檔案：
ug -tc++ -2 -nkw main myproject
相同，但也可以使用-z搜尋檔案（例如 zip 和 tar 檔案）和壓縮檔案：
ug -z -tc++ -2 -nkw main myproject
在工作目錄中遞歸搜尋main ，同時忽略 gitignored 檔案（例如，假設.gitignore位於工作目錄或以下目錄中）：
ug --ignore-files -tc++ -nkw main
列出工作目錄及更深層中未被.gitignore檔案忽略的所有檔案：
ug --ignore-files -l ''
顯示與-t參數對應的搜尋到的檔案副檔名和「魔法位元組」(shebangs) 的清單：
ug -tlist
若要根據副檔名和帶-l的 shebang 遞歸列出所有 shell 檔案（請注意''匹配任何非空檔案）：
ug -l -tShell ''
？回目錄
要在原始程式碼中搜尋main同時忽略字串和註解區塊，您可以使用帶有選項-N否定模式來跳過 C/C++ 引用的字串和註解區塊中不需要的匹配：
ug -r -nkw -e 'main' -N '"(\.|\r?n|[^\n"])*"|//.*|/*(.*n)*?.**+/' myproject
正確輸入需要大量工作！如果您像我一樣，當我正在處理更重要的事情時，我不想花時間擺弄正規表示式模式。有一種更簡單的方法，可以使用隨ugrep工具安裝的ugrep預定義模式 ( -f )：
ug -r -nkw 'main' -f c/zap_strings -f c/zap_comments myproject
此查詢還會搜尋 C/C++ 原始程式碼以外的其他文件，例如 README、Makefile 等。我們也使用-r跳過符號連結。因此，讓我們透過僅使用選項-tc,c++選擇 C/C++ 檔案來優化此查詢，並使用-R包含檔案和目錄的符號連結：
ug -R -tc,c++ -nkw 'main' -f c/zap_strings -f c/zap_comments myproject
如果您只想查找標識符main而不是函數main( ，該怎麼辦？在這種情況下，請使用負模式來跳過不需要的mainh*(模式匹配：
ug -R -tc,c++ -nkw -e 'main' -N 'mainh*(' -f c/zap_strings -f c/zap_comments myproject
這使用-e和-N選項分別明確指定模式和負模式，這本質上形成模式main|(?^mainh*() ，其中h匹配空格和製表符。 ，負模式對於過濾掉我們不感興趣的模式匹配很有用。
再舉一個例子，假設我們可能想要在 C/C++ 註解區塊中搜尋單字FIXME 。為此，我們可以先使用ugrep的預先定義c/comments模式選擇註解區塊，然後使用管道使用FIXME選擇行：
ug -R -tc,c++ -nk -f c/comments myproject | ug -w 'FIXME'
使用管道過濾結果通常比使用某些搜尋工具使用的 AND-OR 邏輯更容易。這種方法遵循 Unix 精神，保持實用程式簡單，並將它們組合起來用於更複雜的任務。
讓我們產生一個在 Java 原始碼中找到的所有標識符的排序列表，同時跳過字串和註解：
ug -R -tjava -f java/names myproject | sort -u
這使用在patterns/java/names中定義的正規表示式p{JavaIdentifierStart}p{JavaIdentifierPart}*來匹配 Java Unicode 識別碼。
使用傳統的 grep 和類似 grep 的工具，需要付出很大的努力來遞歸搜尋定義函數qsort的 C/C++ 原始文件，需要如下所示：
ug -R --include='*.c' --include='*.cpp' '^([ t]*[[:word:]:*&]+)+[ t]+qsort[ t]*([^;n]+$' myproject
幸運的是，使用ugrep，我們可以透過使用選項-Oc,cpp並使用隨該工具安裝的預定義模式functions來簡單地選擇擴展名為.c或.cpp檔案中的所有函數定義來產生所有函數定義。然後我們選擇我們想要的：
ug -R -Oc,cpp -nk -f c/functions | ug 'qsort'
請注意，我們可以使用-tc,c++來選擇 C/C++ 文件，但是當我們只想搜尋.c和.cpp檔案時，這也包括頭檔。
我們也可以跳過搜尋.gitignore中定義的檔案和目錄。為此，當找到一個或多個.gitignore檔案時，我們使用--ignore-files從與.gitignore中的 glob 匹配的遞歸搜尋中排除任何檔案和目錄：
ug -R -tc++ --ignore-files -f c++/defines
這會在工作目錄中的 C++ 檔案 ( -tc++ ) 中搜尋#define行 ( -f c++/defines )，同時跳過.gitignore中宣告的檔案和目錄。如果您發現此內容太長而無法輸入，請定義一個別名來搜尋 GitHub 目錄：
alias ugit='ugrep -R --ignore-files'
ugit -tc++ -f c++/defines
為了在通過一系列管道時突出顯示匹配項，我們應該使用--color=always ：
ugit --color=always -tc++ -f c++/defines | ugrep -w 'FOO.*'
這將傳回 C/C++ 原始碼檔案中所有#define FOO...巨集的顏色突出顯示列表，跳過.gitignore中定義的檔案。
請注意， --exclude的補集不是--include ，因為排除始終優先於包含，因此我們無法可靠地列出使用--include-from='.gitignore'忽略的檔案。僅存取使用--include明確指定的檔案和使用--include-dir明確指定的目錄。 --include-from列出了被視為要分別添加到--include和--include-dir檔案和目錄的 glob。這意味著，當此檔案中未明確列出目錄名稱和目錄路徑時，將不會使用--include-from來存取它。
因為 ugrep 檢查輸入是否是有效的 UTF 編碼的 Unicode（除非使用-U ），所以可以將其用作過濾器來忽略程式產生的非 UTF 輸出：
program | ugrep -I ''
如果程式產生有效的輸出，則輸出將被傳遞，否則輸出將被過濾掉選項-I 。如果輸出最初對於很大一部分有效，但隨後是無效輸出，則 ugrep 可能最初顯示直到但不包括無效輸出的輸出，之後進一步的輸出將被阻止。
若要過濾有效 ASCII 或 UTF 編碼的行，同時刪除不是的行：
program | ugrep '[p{Unicode}--[n]]+'
請注意， p{Unicode}匹配n但我們不想匹配整個文件！只需使用[p{Unicode}--[n]]+即可。
？回目錄
ugrep 手冊頁：
man ugrep
顯示幫助頁面：
ug --help
若要顯示提及WHAT選項：
ug --help WHAT
顯示-t TYPES選項值的清單：
ug -tlist
在互動式查詢 TUI 中，按 F1 或 CTRL-Z 以取得協助和選項：
ug -Q
？回目錄
--config[=FILE], ---[FILE]
Use configuration FILE. The default FILE is `.ugrep'. The working
directory is checked first for FILE, then the home directory. The
options specified in the configuration FILE are parsed first,
followed by the remaining options specified on the command line.
The ug command automatically loads a `.ugrep' configuration file,
unless --config=FILE or --no-config is specified.
--no-config
Do not load the default .ugrep configuration file.
--save-config[=FILE] [OPTIONS]
Save configuration FILE to include OPTIONS. Update FILE when
first loaded with --config=FILE. The default FILE is `.ugrep',
which is automatically loaded by the ug command. When FILE is a
`-', writes the configuration to standard output. Only part of the
OPTIONS are saved that do not cause searches to fail when combined
with other options. Additional options may be specified by editing
the saved configuration file. A configuration file may be modified
manually to specify one or more config[=FILE] to indirectly load
the specified FILEs, but recursive config loading is not allowed.
ug命令用於上下文相關的交互式搜索，相當於ugrep --config命令，用於在工作目錄中存在配置文件.ugrep時加載配置文件.ugrep，或者在主目錄中找不到配置文件.ugrep 時載入:
ug PATTERN ...
ugrep --config PATTERN ...
ug指令也會依照每個搜尋目錄的名稱對檔案進行排序。設定檔每行包含NAME=VALUE對，其中NAME是長選項的名稱（不含-- ）， =VALUE是一個參數，該參數是可選的，並且可以根據選項省略。空白行和以#開頭的行將被忽略：
# Color scheme
colors=cx=hb:ms=hiy:mc=hic:fn=hi+y+K:ln=hg:cn=hg:bn=hg:se=
# Disable searching hidden files and directories
no-hidden
# ignore files specified in .ignore and .gitignore in recursive searches
ignore-files=.ignore
ignore-files=.gitignore
按以下順序解析命令列選項：首先載入（預設或命名）配置文件，然後解析命令列上的其餘選項和參數。
選項--stats顯示搜尋後使用的設定檔。
命名設定檔旨在透過將命令列選項的數量減少到只有一個---FILE來使用FILE中指定的選項集合，從而簡化自訂搜尋任務。 --config=FILE選項及其縮寫形式---FILE載入位於工作目錄中的指定設定文件，或者如果找不到，則位於主目錄中：
ug ---FILE PATTERN ...
ugrep ---FILE PATTERN ...
當找不到FILE或無法讀取 FILE 時，會產生錯誤。
命名設定檔可用於定義特定於專案開發工作流程中任務要求的選項集合。例如，透過檢查原始程式碼和文件中的 FIXME 和 TODO 項目註釋來報告未解決的問題。這樣的命名設定檔可以透過將其放置在專案目錄中來本地化到項目，也可以透過將其放置在主目錄中來使其全局化。對於視覺回饋，可以使用設定FILE中的選項colors指定特定於該任務的顏色方案，以幫助識別由命名配置（而不是預設配置）產生的輸出。
--save-config選項使用透過--config載入的目前設定將.ugrep設定檔儲存到工作目錄。這會儲存目前配置以及指定的其他選項。僅儲存那些不會與其他選項衝突以及不會對搜尋結果產生負面影響的選項。
--save-config=FILE選項將設定儲存到指定的FILE 。當FILE為-時，配置將寫入標準輸出。
或者，可以手動建立或修改設定檔。設定檔可以包含一個或多個config[=FILE]來間接載入指定的FILE ，但禁止遞歸組態載入。手動建立設定檔的最簡單方法是在檔案頂部指定config ，然後是覆寫預設值的長選項。
？回目錄
-Q[=DELAY], --query[=DELAY]
Query mode: start a TUI to perform interactive searches. This mode
requires an ANSI capable terminal. An optional DELAY argument may
be specified to reduce or increase the response time to execute
searches after the last key press, in increments of 100ms, where
the default is 3 (300ms delay). No whitespace may be given between
-Q and its argument DELAY. Initial patterns may be specified with
-e PATTERN, i.e. a PATTERN argument requires option -e. Press F1
or CTRL-Z to view the help screen. Press F2 or CTRL-Y to invoke a
command to view or edit the file shown at the top of the screen.
The command can be specified with option --view, or defaults to
environment variable PAGER when defined, or EDITOR. Press Tab and
Shift-Tab to navigate directories and to select a file to search.
Press Enter to select lines to output. Press ALT-l for option -l
to list files, ALT-n for -n, etc. Non-option commands include
ALT-] to increase context. See also options --no-confirm, --delay,
--split and --view.
--no-confirm
Do not confirm actions in -Q query TUI. The default is confirm.
--delay=DELAY
Set the default -Q key response delay. Default is 3 for 300ms.
--split
Split the -Q query TUI screen on startup.
--view[=COMMAND]
Use COMMAND to view/edit a file in -Q query TUI by pressing CTRL-Y.
此選項啟動使用者介面以互動方式輸入搜尋模式：
-c來計算匹配項。再次按 Alt-c 將會停用-c 。在搜尋或檢視幫助畫面時，可以使用 Alt 鍵切換選項。如果不支援 Alt/Meta 鍵（例如 X11 xterm），則按 CTRL-O，然後按與該選項對應的鍵。-g檔案和目錄相符的 glob，這是 gitignore 樣式 glob 模式的逗號分隔清單。按 ESC 鍵將控制項返回查詢模式提示（儲存全域變數）。當一個 glob 前面有一個!或^ ，跳過名稱與/相符的檔案。否則基本名稱會符合。當 glob 以/結尾時，目錄將被匹配。Q> （正常）、 F> （固定字串）、 G> （基本正規表示式）、 P> （Perl 匹配）和Z> （模糊匹配）之間切換。當顯示--glob=提示時，可以輸入以逗號分隔的 gitignore 樣式 glob 模式清單。按 ESC 鍵將控制項返回模式提示。--view指定的分頁器檢視檔案。--view=COMMAND指定文件檢視器或編輯器。否則， PAGER或EDITOR環境變數用於透過 CTRL-Y 呼叫命令。若要使用此功能，檔案名稱必須啟用並在輸出中可見。--color選項。DELAY值，例如 1。--heading 。按 Alt-+ 關閉標題。查詢TUI按鍵映射：
| 鑰匙 | 功能 |
|---|---|
Alt-key | 切換與key對應的 ugrep 命令列選項 |
Alt-/ xxxx / | 插入 Unicode 十六進位代碼點 U+xxxx |
Esc Ctrl-C | 返回或退出 |
Ctrl-Q | 快速退出並輸出選擇模式下選擇的結果 |
Tab | chdir 到螢幕頂部顯示的文件目錄或選擇文件 |
Shift-Tab | chdir 上一級或取消選擇文件 |
Enter | 進入選擇模式並切換所選行以在退出時輸出 |
Up Ctrl-P | 向上移動 |
Down Ctrl-N | 向下移動 |
Left Ctrl-B | 向左移動 |
Right Ctrl-F | 向右移動 |
PgUp Ctrl-G | 將顯示向上移動一頁 |
PgDn Ctrl-D | 將顯示內容向下移動一頁 |
Alt-Up | 將顯示向上移動 1/2 頁 (MacOS Shift-Up ) |
Alt-Down | 將顯示內容向下移動 1/2 頁 (MacOS Shift-Down ) |
Alt-Left | 將顯示向左移動 1/2 頁 (MacOS Shift-Left ) |
Alt-Right | 將顯示向右移動 1/2 頁 (MacOS Shift-Right ) |
Home Ctrl-A | 將遊標移至行首 |
End Ctrl-E | 將遊標移至行尾 |
Ctrl-K | 刪除遊標後的內容 |
Ctrl-L | 刷新螢幕 |
Ctrl-O + key | 切換與key對應的 ugrep 命令列選項，與Alt-key相同 |
Ctrl-R F4 | 跳到書籤 |
Ctrl-S | 跳到下一個目錄/檔案/上下文 |
Ctrl-T F5 | 切換分割畫面（ --split啟動分割畫面 TUI） |
Ctrl-U | 刪除遊標前的內容 |
Ctrl-V | 逐字字符 |
Ctrl-W | 跳回一個目錄/檔案/上下文 |
Ctrl-X F3 | 設定書籤 |
Ctrl-Y F2 | 檢視或編輯螢幕頂部顯示的文件 |
Ctrl-Z F1 | 查看幫助和選項 |
Ctrl-^ | chdir 返回起始工作目錄 |
Ctrl-] | 切換彩色/單色 |
Ctrl- | 終止行程 |
若要以互動方式搜尋工作目錄及以下目錄中的檔案：
ug -Q
相同，但僅限於 C++ 檔案並忽略.gitignore檔案：
ug -Q -tc++ --ignore-files
若要以互動方式搜尋工作目錄及以下目錄中的所有 makefile：
ug -Q -g 'Makefile*' -g 'makefile*'
相同，但最多 2 級目錄（工作目錄和 1 層子目錄）：
ug -Q -2 -g 'Makefile*' -g 'makefile*'
要以互動方式查看main.cpp的內容並蒐索它，其中-y將任何不匹配的行顯示為上下文：
ug -Q -y main.cpp
要互動式搜尋main.cpp ，從搜尋模式TODO和 5 行匹配上下文開始（可以交互式啟用和停用上下文，這也會覆蓋 2 行的預設上下文大小）：
ug -Q -C5 -e TODO main.cpp
要查看和搜尋存檔的內容（例如 zip、tarball）：
ug -Q -z archive.tar.gz
若要使用 ugrep 查詢選擇模式以互動方式從project.zip選擇要使用unzip解壓縮的檔案（按 Enter 鍵選擇行）：
unzip project.zip `zipinfo -1 project.zip | ugrep -Q`
？回目錄
-L, --files-without-match
Only the names of files not containing selected lines are written
to standard output. Pathnames are listed once per file searched.
If the standard input is searched, the string ``(standard input)''
is written.
-l, --files-with-matches
Only the names of files containing selected lines are written to
standard output. ugrep will only search a file until a match has
been found, making searches potentially less expensive. Pathnames
are listed once per file searched. If the standard input is
searched, the string ``(standard input)'' is written.
-R, --dereference-recursive
Recursively read all files under each directory. Follow all
symbolic links to files and directories, unlike -r.
-r, --recursive
Recursively read all files under each directory, following symbolic
links only if they are on the command line. Note that when no FILE
arguments are specified and input is read from a terminal,
recursive searches are performed as if -r is specified.
-S, --dereference-files
When -r is specified, symbolic links to files are followed, but not
to directories. The default is not to follow symbolic links.
--depth=[MIN,][MAX], -1, -2, -3, ... -9, -10, -11, -12, ...
Restrict recursive searches from MIN to MAX directory levels deep,
where -1 (--depth=1) searches the specified path without recursing
into subdirectories. Note that -3 -5, -3-5, and -35 search 3 to 5
levels deep. Enables -r if -R or -r is not specified.
-g GLOBS, --glob=GLOBS
Search only files whose name matches the specified comma-separated
list of GLOBS, same as --include='glob' for each `glob' in GLOBS.
When a `glob' is preceded by a `!' or a `^', skip files whose name
matches `glob', same as --exclude='glob'. When `glob' contains a
`/', full pathnames are matched. Otherwise basenames are matched.
When `glob' ends with a `/', directories are matched, same as
--include-dir='glob' and --exclude-dir='glob'. A leading `/'
matches the working directory. This option may be repeated and may
be combined with options -M, -O and -t to expand searches. See
`ugrep --help globs' and `man ugrep' section GLOBBING for details.
-O EXTENSIONS, --file-extension=EXTENSIONS
Search only files whose filename extensions match the specified
comma-separated list of EXTENSIONS, same as --include='*.ext' for
each `ext' in EXTENSIONS. When `ext' is preceded by a `!' or a
`^', skip files whose filename extensions matches `ext', same as
--exclude='*.ext'. This option may be repeated and may be combined
with options -g, -M and -t to expand the recursive search.
-t TYPES, --file-type=TYPES
Search only files associated with TYPES, a comma-separated list of
file types. Each file type corresponds to a set of filename
extensions passed to option -O and filenames passed to option -g.
For capitalized file types, the search is expanded to include files
with matching file signature magic bytes, as if passed to option
-M. When a type is preceded by a `!' or a `^', excludes files of
the specified type. This option may be repeated.
--stats
Output statistics on the number of files and directories searched,
and the inclusion and exclusion constraints applied.
如果未指定 FILE 參數並且從終端讀取輸入，則將執行遞歸搜索，就像指定了-r一樣。若要強制從標準輸入讀取，請指定-作為 FILE 參數。
要遞歸列出工作目錄中的所有非空檔案：
ug -r -l ''
列出工作目錄中的所有非空文件，但不列出更深層的文件（因為給出了 FILE 參數，在本例中.代表工作目錄）：
ug -l '' .
列出目錄mydir中但不更深的所有非空檔案（因為給了 FILE 參數）：
ug -l '' mydir
若要在遵循符號連結時列出目錄mydir及更深層中的所有非空白檔案：
ug -R -l '' mydir
要遞歸列出指定路徑上的所有非空文件，同時僅訪問子目錄，即訪問目錄mydir/和更深一層的子目錄mydir/*/ （請注意-2 -l可以縮寫為-l2 ）：
ug -2 -l '' mydir
要遞歸列出目錄mydir中的所有非空文件，不遵循任何符號連結（除非在命令列上，例如mydir ）：
ug -rl '' mydir
要遞歸列出與文字CPP相符的所有 Makefile：
ug -l -tmake 'CPP'
遞歸列出所有與bin_PROGRAMS相符的Makefile.* ：
ug -l -g'Makefile.*' 'bin_PROGRAMS'
若要遞歸列出所有副檔名為 .sh 的非空文件，請使用-Osh ：
ug -l -Osh ''
要使用-tShell遞歸列出基於擴充功能和 shebang 的所有 shell 腳本：
ug -l -tShell ''
僅使用-tshell遞歸列出基於副檔名的所有 shell 腳本：
ug -l -tshell ''
？回目錄
--bool, -%, -%%
Specifies Boolean query patterns. A Boolean query pattern is
composed of `AND', `OR', `NOT' operators and grouping with `(' `)'.
Spacing between subpatterns is the same as `AND', `|' is the same
as `OR' and a `-' is the same as `NOT'. The `OR' operator binds
more tightly than `AND'. For example, --bool 'A|B C|D' matches
lines with (`A' or `B') and (`C' or `D'), --bool 'A -B' matches
lines with `A' and not `B'. Operators `AND', `OR', `NOT' require
proper spacing. For example, --bool 'A OR B AND C OR D' matches
lines with (`A' or `B') and (`C' or `D'), --bool 'A AND NOT B'
matches lines with `A' without `B'. Quoted subpatterns are matched
literally as strings. For example, --bool 'A "AND"|"OR"' matches
lines with `A' and also either `AND' or `OR'. Parentheses are used
for grouping. For example, --bool '(A B)|C' matches lines with `A'
and `B', or lines with `C'. Note that all subpatterns in a Boolean
query pattern are regular expressions, unless -F is specified.
Options -E, -F, -G, -P and -Z can be combined with --bool to match
subpatterns as strings or regular expressions (-E is the default.)
This option does not apply to -f FILE patterns. The double short
option -%% enables options --bool --files. Option --stats displays
the Boolean search patterns applied. See also options --and,
--andnot, --not, --files and --lines.
--files
Boolean file matching mode, the opposite of --lines. When combined
with option --bool, matches a file if all Boolean conditions are
satisfied. For example, --bool --files 'A B|C -D' matches a file
if some lines match `A', and some lines match either `B' or `C',
and no line matches `D'. See also options --and, --andnot, --not,
--bool and --lines. The double short option -%% enables options
--bool --files.
--lines
Boolean line matching mode for option --bool, the default mode.
--and [[-e] PATTERN] ... -e PATTERN
Specify additional patterns to match. Patterns must be specified
with -e. Each -e PATTERN following this option is considered an
alternative pattern to match, i.e. each -e is interpreted as an OR
pattern. For example, -e A -e B --and -e C -e D matches lines with
(`A' or `B') and (`C' or `D'). Note that multiple -e PATTERN are
alternations that bind more tightly together than --and. Option
--stats displays the search patterns applied. See also options
--not, --andnot, and --bool.
--andnot [[-e] PATTERN] ...
Combines --and --not. See also options --and, --not, and --bool.
--not [-e] PATTERN
Specifies that PATTERN should not match. Note that -e A --not -e B
matches lines with `A' or lines without a `B'. To match lines with
`A' that have no `B', specify -e A --andnot -e B. Option --stats
displays the search patterns applied. See also options --and,
--andnot, and --bool.
--stats
Output statistics on the number of files and directories searched,
and the inclusion and exclusion constraints applied.
請注意， --and 、 --not和--andnot選項需要-e PATTERN 。
-%選項使所有模式都基於布林值，支援以下從最高優先權到最低優先權列出的邏輯運算：
| 操作員 | 選擇 | 結果 |
|---|---|---|
"x" | 依字面意思完全符合x （使用標準正規表示式轉義Q和E ） | |
( ) | 布林表達式分組 | |
-x | NOT x | 反向匹配，即如果x不匹配則匹配 |
x|y | x OR y | 匹配帶有x或y行 |
xy | x AND y | 匹配同時包含x和y行 |
x和y是不以特殊符號|開頭的子模式、 -和( （使用引號或轉義符來匹配它們）；
-和NOT相同，並且優先於OR ，這意味著-x|y == (-x)|y例如。
|和OR相同，並且優先於AND ，這意味著例如xy|z == x (y|z) ；
--stats選項在搜尋完成後以人類可讀的形式顯示轉換為 CNF（合取範式）的布林查詢。若要在不進行搜尋的情況下顯示 CNF，請從以 EOF 結尾的標準輸入中讀取，例如echo | ugrep -% '...' --stats 。
子模式在輸出中以顏色突出顯示，除了那些以NOT求反的子模式（當使用 OR-NOT 模式（如x|-y時， NOT子模式仍可能顯示在匹配行中））。請注意，子模式可能會重疊。在這種情況下，只有第一個匹配的子模式會以顏色突出顯示。
當子模式匹配換行符時，可以匹配多行。但有一個例外：當X跨越多行時，以(?=X)前瞻結尾的子模式可能不符。
空模式匹配任何行（grep 標準）。因此， -% 'x|""|y'匹配所有內容，且x和y不會以顏色突出顯示。選項-y應用於將每一行顯示為上下文，例如-y 'x|y' 。
類似 Fzf 的交互式查詢（帶有模糊匹配的固定字符串的布爾搜索，例如允許在帶有-w的單詞中與-Z+4匹配最多4 個額外字符），按TAB 和ALT-y 查看包含匹配項的文件。按 SHIFT-TAB 和 ALT-l 返回符合檔案清單：
ug -Q -%% -l -w -F -Z+4 --sort=best
若要使用選項--files遞迴尋找檔案中任意位置包含hot和dog的所有檔案：
ug -%% 'hot dog'
ug --files -e hot --and dog
要在myfile.txt中尋找包含hot和dog行：
ug -% 'hot dog' myfile.txt
ug -e hot --and dog myfile.txt
要在myfile.txt中尋找包含place以及hotdog或taco （或兩者）的行：
ug -% 'hotdog|taco place' myfile.txt
ug -e hotdog -e taco --and place myfile.txt
相同，但排除與diner相符的行：
ug -% 'hotdog|taco place -diner' myfile.txt
ug -e hotdog -e taco --and place --andnot diner myfile.txt
要在myfile.txt中尋找包含diner行或與fast和food相符但還bad行：
ug -% 'diner|(fast food -bad)' myfile.txt
要在myfile.txt中找到包含fast food （確切地說）的行或包含diner但bad或old行：
ug -% '"fast food"|diner -bad -old' myfile.txt
相同，但使用具有相同含義的不同布林表達式：
ug -% '"fast food"|diner -(bad|old)' myfile.txt
要在myfile.txt中尋找暗示good的有diner的行（即，顯示沒有diner的good行，並顯示有diner行，但僅顯示帶有good行，這在邏輯上是隱含的！ ）：
ug -% 'good|-diner' myfile.txt
ug -e good --not diner myfile.txt
要在myfile.txt中尋找包含foo和-bar以及"baz"的行（不是-和"應該使用轉義符和--and -e -bar進行匹配）：
ug -% 'foo -bar "baz"' myfile.txt
ug -e foo --and -e -bar --and '"baz"' myfile.txt
要在myfile.cpp搜尋包含TODO或FIXME的行，但兩者不能在同一行上，例如 XOR：
ug -% 'TODO|FIXME -(TODO FIXME)' myfile.cpp
ug -e TODO -e FIXME --and --not TODO --not FIXME myfile.cpp
？回目錄
-e PATTERN, --regexp=PATTERN
Specify a PATTERN to search the input. An input line is selected
if it matches any of the specified patterns. This option is useful
when multiple -e options are used to specify multiple patterns, or
when a pattern begins with a dash (`-'), or to specify a pattern
after option -f or after the FILE arguments.
-f FILE, --file=FILE
Read newline-separated patterns from FILE. White space in patterns
is significant. Empty lines in FILE are ignored. If FILE does not
exist, the GREP_PATH environment variable is used as path to FILE.
If that fails, looks for FILE in /usr/local/share/ugrep/pattern.
When FILE is a `-', standard input is read. This option may be
repeated.
-L, --files-without-match
Only the names of files not containing selected lines are written
to standard output. Pathnames are listed once per file searched.
If the standard input is searched, the string ``(standard input)''
is written.
-N PATTERN, --neg-regexp=PATTERN
Specify a negative PATTERN to reject specific -e PATTERN matches
with a counter pattern. Note that longer patterns take precedence
over shorter patterns, i.e. a negative pattern must be of the same
length or longer to reject matching patterns. Option -N cannot be
specified with -P. This option may be repeated.
-v, --invert-match
Selected lines are those not matching any of the specified
patterns.
-w, --word-regexp
The PATTERN is searched for as a word, such that the matching text
is preceded by a non-word character and is followed by a non-word
character. Word-like characters are Unicode letters, digits and
connector punctuations such as underscore.
-x, --line-regexp
Select only those matches that exactly match the whole line, as if
the patterns are surrounded by ^ and $.
另請參閱具有 -%、-%%、--and、--not 的布林查詢模式，以了解比傳統 GNU/BSD grep 選項更強大的布林查詢選項。
顯示檔案myfile.sh中的行，但不顯示符合^[ t]*#的行：
ug -v '^[ t]*#' myfile.sh
若要搜尋myfile.cpp中包含FIXME和urgent行，但不包含Scotty行：
ugrep FIXME myfile.cpp | ugrep urgent | ugrep -v Scotty
相同，但使用-%進行布林查詢：
ug -% 'FIXME urgent -Scotty' myfile.cpp
要使用模式d+搜尋不以0開頭的小數，使用負模式0d+並排除555 ：
ug -e 'd+' -N '0d+' -N 555 myfile.cpp
若要搜尋以disp開頭的單字，但不符合檔案myfile.py中的display ，請使用「負模式」 -N '/<display>' ，其中-N指定一個額外的負模式來跳過符合：
ug -e '<disp' -N '<display>' myfile.py
要在檔案myfile.py中搜尋包含單字display行，請在字串和註解中跳過該單詞，其中-f指定檔案中的模式，在本例中是預定義模式：
ug -n -w 'display' -f python/zap_strings -f python/zap_comments myfile.py
顯示非空白行的行：
ug -x -e '.*' -N 'h*' myfile.py
相同，但使用-v和-x與h* ，即模式^h*$ ：
ug -v -x 'h*' myfile.py
要遞歸列出所有不包含單字display Python 文件，允許該單字出現在字串和註解中：
ug -RL -tPython -w 'display' -f python/zap_strings -f python/zap_comments
？回目錄
--encoding=ENCODING
The encoding format of the input. The default ENCODING is binary
and UTF-8 which are the same. Note that option -U specifies binary
PATTERN matching (text matching is the default.)
二進位、ASCII 和 UTF-8 檔案不需要此選項來搜尋它們。此外，假設 UTF-16 和 UTF-32 檔案照常以 UTF BOM（位元組順序標記）開頭，則 UTF-16 和 UTF-32 檔案不需要此選項來搜尋它們。其他文件編碼需要選項--encoding=ENCODING ：
| 編碼 | 範圍 |
|---|---|
| ASCII | 不適用 |
| UTF-8 | 不適用 |
| 帶有 BOM 的 UTF-16 | 不適用 |
| 帶有 BOM 的 UTF-32 | 不適用 |
| UTF-16 BE 無 BOM | UTF-16或UTF-16BE |
| UTF-16 LE 無 BOM | UTF-16LE |
| UTF-32 無 BOM | UTF-32或UTF-32BE |
| UTF-32 無 BOM | UTF-32LE |
| 拉丁文1 | LATIN1或ISO-8859-1 |
| ISO-8859-1 | ISO-8859-1 |
| ISO-8859-2 | ISO-8859-2 |
| ISO-8859-3 | ISO-8859-3 |
| ISO-8859-4 | ISO-8859-4 |
| ISO-8859-5 | ISO-8859-5 |
| ISO-8859-6 | ISO-8859-6 |
| ISO-8859-7 | ISO-8859-7 |
| ISO-8859-8 | ISO-8859-8 |
| ISO-8859-9 | ISO-8859-9 |
| ISO-8859-10 | ISO-8859-10 |
| ISO-8859-11 | ISO-8859-11 |
| ISO-8859-13 | ISO-8859-13 |
| ISO-8859-14 | ISO-8859-14 |
| ISO-8859-15 | ISO-8859-15 |
| ISO-8859-16 | ISO-8859-16 |
| MAC（CR=換行符號） | MAC |
| MacRoman（CR=換行符號） | MACROMAN |
| EBCDIC | EBCDIC |
| DOS 代碼頁 437 | CP437 |
| DOS 代碼頁 850 | CP850 |
| DOS 代碼頁 858 | CP858 |
| Windows 代碼頁 1250 | CP1250 |
| Windows 代碼頁 1251 | CP1251 |
| Windows 代碼頁 1252 | CP1252 |
| Windows 代碼頁 1253 | CP1253 |
| Windows 代碼頁 1254 | CP1254 |
| Windows 代碼頁 1255 | CP1255 |
| Windows 代碼頁 1256 | CP1256 |
| Windows 代碼頁 1257 | CP1257 |
| Windows 代碼頁 1258 | CP1258 |
| KOI8-R | KOI8-R |
| KOI8-U | KOI8-U |
| 錦鯉8-RU | KOI8-RU |
請注意，正規表示式模式始終以 UTF-8（包括 ASCII）指定。若要使用二進位模式搜尋二進位文件，請參閱使用 -U、-W 和 -X 搜尋和顯示二進位檔案。
若要遞歸列出所有 ASCII 檔案（即 7 位元）：
ug -L '[^[:ascii:]]'
若要遞歸列出所有非 ASCII 文件，即帶有非 ASCII Unicode 字元（U+0080 以上）的 UTF-8、UTF-16 和 UTF-32 文件：
ug -l '[^[:ascii:]]'
若要檢查檔案是否包含非 ASCII Unicode（U+0080 以上）：
ug -q '[^[:ascii:]]' myfile && echo "contains Unicode"
從檔案中刪除無效的 Unicode 字元（請注意， -o可能不起作用，因為檢測到並拒絕了二進位資料並添加了換行符，但--format="%o%不檢查二進位並“按原樣”複製匹配項）：
ug "[p{Unicode}n]" --format="%o" badfile.txt
透過將任何代碼點與.並使用負模式-N 'p{Unicode}'來忽略每個有效的 Unicode 字元：
ug -l -e '.' -N 'p{Unicode}'
若要顯示包含笑臉表情符號的行：
ug '[?-?]' emojis.txt
使用x{hhhh}選擇 Unicode 字元範圍可以獲得相同的結果：
ug '[x{1F600}-x{1F60F}]' emojis.txt
若要顯示包含名字 Gödel（或 Goedel）、Escher 或 Bach 的行：
ug 'G(ö|oe)del|Escher|Bach' GEB.txt wiki.txt
要在標有 UTF-16 BOM 的 UTF-16 檔案中搜尋小寫或大寫的lorem ：
ug -iw 'lorem' utf16lorem.txt
若要在該檔案沒有 UTF-16 BOM 時搜尋 utf16lorem.txt，請使用--encoding ：
ug --encoding=UTF-16 -iw 'lorem' utf16lorem.txt
若要搜尋以 ISO-8859-1 編碼的檔案spanish-iso.txt ：
ug --encoding=ISO-8859-1 -w 'año' spanish-iso.txt
？回目錄
-o, --only-matching
Output only the matching part of lines. If -A, -B or -C is
specified, fits the match and its context on a line within the
specified number of columns.
多行可以透過與換行符相符的模式來匹配。使用選項-o僅輸出匹配項，而不輸出匹配的完整行。
若要符合n換行符，請在模式中包含n以符合 LF 字元。如果要匹配rn和n換行符，請使用r?n或僅使用R來匹配任何 Unicode 換行符rn 、 r 、 v 、 f 、 n 、 U + 0085、U+2028 和U+2029。
符合C/C++ /*...*/多行註解：
ug '/*(.*n)*?.**+/' myfile.cpp
要使用預先定義的c/comments模式與-fc/comments匹配 C/C++ 註釋，僅使用選項-o限制匹配部分：
ug -of c/comments myfile.cpp
與sed -n '/begin/,/end/p'相同：使用延遲重複來匹配包含begin行和包含end第一行之間的所有行：
ug -o '.*begin(.|n)*?end.*' myfile.txt
？回目錄
-A NUM, --after-context=NUM
Output NUM lines of trailing context after matching lines. Places
a --group-separator between contiguous groups of matches. If -o is
specified, output the match with context to fit NUM columns after
the match or shortens the match. See also options -B, -C and -y.
-B NUM, --before-context=NUM
Output NUM lines of leading context before matching lines. Places
a --group-separator between contiguous groups of matches. If -o is
specified, output the match with context to fit NUM columns before
the match or shortens the match. See also options -A, -C and -y.
-C NUM, --context=NUM
Output NUM lines of leading and trailing context surrounding each
matching line. Places a --group-separator between contiguous
groups of matches. If -o is specified, output the match with
context to fit NUM columns before and after the match or shortens
the match. See also options -A, -B and -y.
-y, --any-line
Any line is output (passthru). Non-matching lines are output as
context with a `-' separator. See also options -A, -B, and -C.
--width[=NUM]
Truncate the output to NUM visible characters per line. The width
of the terminal window is used if NUM is not specified. Note that
double wide characters in the output may result in wider lines.
-o, --only-matching
Output only the matching part of lines. If -A, -B or -C is
specified, fits the match and its context on a line within the
specified number of columns.
若要顯示符合行之前和之後的兩行上下文：
ug -C2 'FIXME' myfile.cpp
若要在符合行之後顯示三行上下文：
ug -A3 'FIXME.*' myfile.cpp:
要在具有 C 函數定義的每個符合行之前顯示一行上下文（C 名稱是非 Unicode）：
ug -B1 -f c/functions myfile.c
要在具有 C++ 函數定義的每個匹配行之前顯示一行上下文（C++ 名稱可能是 Unicode）：
ug -B1 -f c++/functions myfile.cpp
要使用-y將任何不匹配的行顯示為匹配行的上下文：
ug -y -f c++/functions myfile.cpp
若要顯示具有一行十六進位轉儲上下文的符合行的十六進位轉儲：
ug -C1 -UX 'xaaxbbxcc' a.out
行中的上下文透過選項-o和上下文選項顯示：
ug -o -C20 'pattern' myfile.cpp
相同，但具有漂亮的輸出，包括標題、行號和列號（ -k ）並顯示上下文：
ug --pretty -oC20 'pattern' myfile.cpp
？回目錄
-f FILE, --file=FILE
Read newline-separated patterns from FILE. White space in patterns
is significant. Empty lines in FILE are ignored. If FILE does not
exist, the GREP_PATH environment variable is used as path to FILE.
If that fails, looks for FILE in /usr/local/share/ugrep/pattern.
When FILE is a `-', standard input is read. This option may be
repeated.
--ignore-files[=FILE]
Ignore files and directories matching the globs in each FILE that
is encountered in recursive searches. The default FILE is
`.gitignore'. Matching files and directories located in the
directory of the FILE and in subdirectories below are ignored.
Globbing syntax is the same as the --exclude-from=FILE gitignore
syntax, but files and directories are excluded instead of only
files. Directories are specifically excluded when the glob ends in
a `/'. Files and directories explicitly specified as command line
arguments are never ignored. This option may be repeated to
specify additional files.
-g GLOBS, --glob=GLOBS
Search only files whose name matches the specified comma-separated
list of GLOBS, same as --include='glob' for each `glob' in GLOBS.
When a `glob' is preceded by a `!' or a `^', skip files whose name
matches `glob', same as --exclude='glob'. When `glob' contains a
`/', full pathnames are matched. Otherwise basenames are matched.
When `glob' ends with a `/', directories are matched, same as
--include-dir='glob' and --exclude-dir='glob'. A leading `/'
matches the working directory. This option may be repeated and may
be combined with options -M, -O and -t to expand searches. See
`ugrep --help globs' and `man ugrep' section GLOBBING for details.
-O EXTENSIONS, --file-extension=EXTENSIONS
Search only files whose filename extensions match the specified
comma-separated list of EXTENSIONS, same as --include='*.ext' for
each `ext' in EXTENSIONS. When `ext' is preceded by a `!' or a
`^', skip files whose filename extensions matches `ext', same as
--exclude='*.ext'. This option may be repeated and may be combined
with options -g, -M and -t to expand the recursive search.
-t TYPES, --file-type=TYPES
Search only files associated with TYPES, a comma-separated list of
file types. Each file type corresponds to a set of filename
extensions passed to option -O and filenames passed to option -g.
For capitalized file types, the search is expanded to include files
with matching file signature magic bytes, as if passed to option
-M. When a type is preceded by a `!' or a `^', excludes files of
the specified type. This option may be repeated.
--stats
Output statistics on the number of files and directories searched,
and the inclusion and exclusion constraints applied.
文件類型用ugrep -tlist列出。此清單基於已建立的檔案副檔名和「魔術位元組」。如果您的文件類型未列出，請使用選項-O和/或-M 。您可能需要定義一個別名，例如alias ugft='ugrep -Oft'作為搜尋檔案名稱後綴為.ft檔案的簡寫。
要使用-tc++ 、 -o 、 -n和-f c++/functions遞歸顯示 C/C++ 檔案（ .h 、 .hpp 、 .c 、 .cpp等）中的函式定義及其行號：
ug -on -tc++ -f c++/functions
要使用-Oc,cpp , -o , -n和-f c++/functions遞歸顯示.c和.cpp檔案中帶有行號的函數定義：
ug -on -Oc,cpp -f c++/functions
要使用-tShell遞歸列出所有 shell 文件以匹配文件副檔名和具有 shell shebang 的文件，但後綴為.sh的文件除外：
ug -l -tShell -O^sh ''
要使用-t^Shell遞歸列出所有非 shell 檔案：
ug -l -t^Shell ''
要遞歸列出所有帶有 shell shebang 且沒有 shell 檔案副檔名的 shell 檔案：
ug -l -tShell -t^shell ''
要在 C/C++ 註解中搜尋帶有FIXME的行，排除多行字串中的FIXME ：
ug -n 'FIXME' -f c++/zap_strings myfile.cpp
若要從標準輸入讀取模式TODO和FIXME以符合輸入中的行，同時排除 C++ 字串中的符合：
ug -on -f - -f c++/zap_strings myfile.cpp <<END
TODO
FIXME
END
若要顯示 XML 檔案中的 XML 元素和屬性標籤，僅限於與-o相符的部分，不包括放置在（多行）註解中的標籤：
ug -o -f xml/tags -f xml/zap_comments myfile.xml
？回目錄
-z, --decompress
Search compressed files and archives. Archives (.cpio, .pax, .tar)
and compressed archives (e.g. .zip, .7z, .taz, .tgz, .tpz, .tbz,
.tbz2, .tb2, .tz2, .tlz, .txz, .tzst) are searched and matching
pathnames of files in archives are output in braces. When used
with option --zmax=NUM, searches the contents of compressed files
and archives stored within archives up to NUM levels. If -g, -O,
-M, or -t is specified, searches files stored in archives whose
filenames match globs, match filename extensions, match file
signature magic bytes, or match file types, respectively.
Supported compression formats: gzip (.gz), compress (.Z), zip, 7z,
bzip2 (requires suffix .bz, .bz2, .bzip2, .tbz, .tbz2, .tb2, .tz2),
lzma and xz (requires suffix .lzma, .tlz, .xz, .txz),
lz4 (requires suffix .lz4),
zstd (requires suffix .zst, .zstd, .tzst),
brotli (requires suffix .br),
bzip3 (requires suffix .bz3).
--zmax=NUM
When used with option -z (--decompress), searches the contents of
compressed files and archives stored within archives by up to NUM
expansion stages. The default --zmax=1 only permits searching
uncompressed files stored in cpio, pax, tar, zip and 7z archives;
compressed files and archives are detected as binary files and are
effectively ignored. Specify --zmax=2 to search compressed files
and archives stored in cpio, pax, tar, zip and 7z archives. NUM
may range from 1 to 99 for up to 99 decompression and de-archiving
steps. Increasing NUM values gradually degrades performance.
使用 gzip ( .gz )、compress ( .Z )、bzip2 ( .bz 、 .bz2 、 .bzip2 )、lzma ( .lzma )、 xz ( .xz )、 lz4 ( .lz4 )、 zstd ( .zst ) 壓縮的文件，當使用 ugrep 安裝並編譯相應的庫時，使用選項-z搜尋.zstd ）、 brotli （ .br ） 和 bzip3 （ .bz3 ）。此選項不需要壓縮檔案。未壓縮的檔案也會被搜索，儘管速度較慢。
其他壓縮格式可以使用ugrep過濾器進行搜尋。
使用選項-z搜尋檔案（cpio、jar、pax、tar、zip 和 7z）。存檔中匹配的常規檔案將輸出，存檔路徑名括在{和}大括號中。支援的 tar 格式有 v7、ustar、gnu、oldgnu 和 pax。支援的 cpio 格式為 odc、newc 和 crc。不支援過時的不可移植的舊二進位 cpio 格式。歸檔格式 cpio、tar 和 pax 可以使用選項-z根據其內容自動識別，而與檔案名稱後綴無關。
預設情況下，也會搜尋 zip 檔案中儲存的未壓縮檔案：自動識別和搜尋 zip 和 7z 檔案中儲存的所有 cpio、pax 和 tar 檔案。然而，預設情況下，儲存在存檔中的壓縮文件不被識別，例如，不搜尋儲存在tar檔案中的zip文件，而是搜尋所有壓縮檔案和存檔，就好像它們是二進位檔案一樣，而不解壓縮它們。
指定--zmax=NUM可搜尋包含壓縮檔案的檔案以及最多NUM層深度的檔案。 NUM的值範圍可以從 1 到 99，最多可進行 99 個解壓縮和解歸檔步驟，以擴展最多 99 個嵌套歸檔。較大的--zmax=NUM值會降低效能。您不太可能需要 99，因為--zmax=2足以滿足大多數實際用例，例如搜尋儲存在 tar 檔案中的 zip 檔案。
當選項-z與選項-g 、 -O 、 -M或-t一起使用時，僅搜尋與檔案名稱選擇條件（glob、副檔名、幻字節或檔案類型）相符的檔案以及壓縮和未壓縮文件。例如， ugrep -r -z -tc++搜尋 C++ 檔案（例如main.cpp以及包含 C++ 檔案（例如main.cpp的 zip 和 tar 檔案。搜尋中還包括壓縮的 C++ 文件，例如main.cpp.gz和main.cpp.xz如果存在）。此外，還會搜尋任何 cpio、pax、tar、zip 和 7z 存檔（如果存在）以查找它們包含的 C++ 文件，例如main.cpp 。使用選項--stats查看在遞歸搜尋和搜尋存檔內容時套用於過濾檔案路徑名的 glob 模式清單。
當選項-z與選項-g 、 -O 、 -M或-t一起使用來搜尋 cpio、jar、pax、tar、zip 和 7z 檔案時，僅搜尋與檔案名稱選擇條件相符的存檔檔案。
自動偵測 gzip、compress 和 zip 格式，這在從標準輸入（例如從管道重定向的輸入）讀取 gzip 壓縮資料時非常有用。其他壓縮格式需要檔名後綴： .bz 、 .bz2或.bzip2 （表示 bzip2）、. .lzma （表示 lzma）、. .xz （表示 xz）、. .lz4 （表示 lz4）、. .zst或.zstd （表示zst ）、. .br （表示 brotli 和.bz3對於 bzip3。此外，還可以辨識 gzip 的壓縮 tar 檔案簡寫.taz 、 .tgz和.tpz 、 bzip2 的.tbz 、 .tbz2 、 .tb2和.tz2 、 lzma 的.tlz 、 xz 的.txz和 zstd 的.tzst 。若要使用 ugrep 從標準輸入搜尋這些格式，請對 bzip2 使用選項--label='stdin.bz2' ，對 lzma 使用--label='stdin.lzma' ，對 xz --label='stdin.xz' ， --label='stdin.lz4對於 lz4 和--label='stdin.zst對於 zstd 等等。名稱stdin是任意的，可以省略：
| 格式 | 檔案名稱後綴 | tar/pax 存檔短後綴 | 需要後綴嗎？ | 來自標準輸入的 ugrep | 圖書館 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 壓縮包 | .gz | .taz 、 .tgz 、 .tpz | 不 | 自動的 | 庫茲 |
| 壓縮 | .Z | .taZ , .tZ | 不 | 自動的 | 內建 |
| 拉鍊 | .zip 、 .zipx 、 .ZIP | 不 | 自動的 | 庫茲 | |
| 7zip | .7z | 是的 | --label=.7z | 內建 | |
| 壓縮包2 | .bz 、 .bz2 、 .bzip2 | .tb2 、 .tbz 、 .tbz2 、 .tz2 | 是的 | --label=.bz2 | 庫2 |
| 利茲瑪 | .lzma | .tlz | 是的 | --label=.lzma | 利布爾茲馬 |
| xz | .xz | .txz | 是的 | --label=.xz | 利布爾茲馬 |
| lz4 | .lz4 | 是的 | --label=.lz4 | libz4 | |
| 茲標準 | .zst , .zstd | .tzst | 是的 | --label=.zst | 庫茲標準庫 |
| 布羅特利 | .br | 是的 | --label=.br | 利布羅替克 | |
| 壓縮包3 | .bz3 | 是的 | --label=.bz3 | libbzip3 |
gzip、bzip2、xz、lz4 和 zstd 格式支援串聯壓縮檔。串聯的壓縮檔案將作為一個檔案進行搜尋。
支援的 zip 壓縮方法有：stored (0)、deflate (8)、bzip2 (12)、lzma (14)、xz (95) 和 zstd (93)。 bzip2、lzma、xz 和 zstd 方法需要使用對應的壓縮函式庫來編譯 ugrep。
不支援搜尋加密的 zip 檔案（也許在未來版本中，取決於增強功能的請求）。
與其他方法相比，搜尋 7zip 檔案需要更多的 RAM 和更多的時間。 7zip LZMA SDK 實作不支援串流，需要物理可尋找的 7z 檔案。這意味著 7z 檔案嵌套在存檔中時無法搜尋。最好避免使用 7zip。可以使用./build.sh --disable-7zip停用對 7zip 的支援來建構 ugrep。
選項-z使用執行緒進行任務並行，透過在搜尋解壓縮流的同時運行解壓縮器來加快搜尋較大檔案的速度。
列出package.zip檔案中儲存的所有非空白文件，包括儲存在其中的所有 cpio、pax、tar、zip 和 7z 檔案的內容：
ug --zmax=2 -z -l '' package.zip
相同，但僅列出 Python 原始碼文件，包括調用 Python 的腳本，並帶有選項-tPython （ ugrep -tlist了解詳細資訊）：
ug --zmax=2 -z -l -tPython '' package.zip
要搜尋以 tar 檔案形式分發的 Python 應用程式及其依賴項包括作為輪子（帶有 Python 程式碼的 zip 檔案），請在app.tgz中搜尋單字my_class ：
ug --zmax=2 -z -tPython -w my_class app.tgz
要遞歸搜尋 C++ 檔案（包括壓縮檔案）中的單字my_function ，同時跳過 C 和 C++ 註解：
ug -z -r -tc++ -Fw my_function -f cpp/zap_comments
要在標準輸入上搜尋 bzip2、lzma、xz、lz4 和 zstd 壓縮數據，可以使用選項--label指定壓縮格式對應的擴展名，以在 ugrep 無法使用 bzip2 擴展名時強制解壓，例如：
cat myfile.bz2 | ugrep -z --label='stdin.bz2' 'xyz'
要在project.zip中的檔案main.cpp中搜尋TODO和FIXME行：
ug -z -g main.cpp -w -e 'TODO' -e 'FIXME' project.zip
要搜尋 tarball project.tar.gz中包含TODO和FIXME行的 C++ 檔案：
ug -z -tc++ -w -e 'TODO' -e 'FIXME' project.tar.gz
在任何情況下，要搜尋與project.zip中的glob *.txt相符的檔案中的單字license （請注意，必須引用-g glob 參數）：
ug -z -g '*.txt' -w -i 'license' project.zip
要顯示並翻閱 tarball project.tgz中的所有 C++ 檔案：
ug --pager -z -tc++ '' project.tgz
若要列出與projects.tgz中的gitignore樣式glob /**/projects/project1.*相符的文件，請選擇檔案中包含文字December 12檔案：
ug -z -l -g '/**/projects/project1.*' -F 'December 12' projects.tgz
要使用-Ojar和-OMF查看 jar 檔案中的 META-INF/MANIFEST.MF 數據，以選擇 jar 檔案和其中的 MF 文件（ -Ojar是必需的，否則雖然我們可以從中讀取該jar 文件，但該文件將被跳過標準輸入代替）：
ug -z -h -OMF,jar '' my.jar
要從project.tgz中提取包含FIXME的 C++ 文件，我們使用-m1和--format="'%z '"來產生位於存檔中與單字FIXME匹配的文件的以空格分隔的路徑名列表：
tar xzf project.tgz `ugrep -z -l -tc++ --format='%z ' -w FIXME project.tgz`
要使用find執行深度優先搜索，然後使用cpio和ugrep搜尋檔案：
find . -depth -print | cpio -o | ugrep -z 'xyz'
？回目錄
--ignore-files[=FILE]
Ignore files and directories matching the globs in each FILE that
is encountered in recursive searches. The default FILE is
`.gitignore'. Matching files and directories located in the
directory of the FILE and in subdirectories below are ignored.
Globbing syntax is the same as the --exclude-from=FILE gitignore
syntax, but files and directories are excluded instead of only
files. Directories are specifically excluded when the glob ends in
a `/'. Files and directories explicitly specified as command line
arguments are never ignored. This option may be repeated to
specify additional files.
-M MAGIC, --file-magic=MAGIC
Only files matching the signature pattern MAGIC are searched. The
signature "magic bytes" at the start of a file are compared to
the MAGIC regex pattern. When matching, the file will be searched.
When MAGIC is preceded by a `!' or a `^', skip files with matching
MAGIC signatures. This option may be repeated and may be combined
with options -O and -t to expand the search. Every file on the
search path is read, making searches potentially more expensive.
-O EXTENSIONS, --file-extension=EXTENSIONS
Search only files whose filename extensions match the specified
comma-separated list of EXTENSIONS, same as --include='*.ext' for
each `ext' in EXTENSIONS. When `ext' is preceded by a `!' or a
`^', skip files whose filename extensions matches `ext', same as
--exclude='*.ext'. This option may be repeated and may be combined
with options -g, -M and -t to expand the recursive search.
-t TYPES, --file-type=TYPES
Search only files associated with TYPES, a comma-separated list of
file types. Each file type corresponds to a set of filename
extensions passed to option -O and filenames passed to option -g.
For capitalized file types, the search is expanded to include files
with matching file signature magic bytes, as if passed to option
-M. When a type is preceded by a `!' or a `^', excludes files of
the specified type. This option may be repeated.
-g GLOBS, --glob=GLOBS
Search only files whose name matches the specified comma-separated
list of GLOBS, same as --include='glob' for each `glob' in GLOBS.
When a `glob' is preceded by a `!' or a `^', skip files whose name
matches `glob', same as --exclude='glob'. When `glob' contains a
`/', full pathnames are matched. Otherwise basenames are matched.
When `glob' ends with a `/', directories are matched, same as
--include-dir='glob' and --exclude-dir='glob'. A leading `/'
matches the working directory. This option may be repeated and may
be combined with options -M, -O and -t to expand searches. See
`ugrep --help globs' and `man ugrep' section GLOBBING for details.
--stats
Output statistics on the number of files and directories searched,
and the inclusion and exclusion constraints applied.
遞歸列出所有以#!開頭的文件舍邦：
ug -l -M'#!' ''
遞歸列出所有以#開頭但不以#!舍邦：
ug -l -M'#' -M'^#!' ''
要使用-tPython遞歸列出所有 Python 檔案（副檔名.py或 shebang）：
ug -l -tPython ''
要使用-t^Shell遞歸列出所有非 shell 檔案：
ug -l -t^Shell ''
遞歸列出具有 import 語句的 Python 檔案（副檔名.py或 shebang），包括帶有-. :
ug -l. -tPython -f python/imports
？回目錄
-Z[best][+-~][MAX], --fuzzy=[best][+-~][MAX]
Fuzzy mode: report approximate pattern matches within MAX errors.
The default is -Z1: one deletion, insertion or substitution is
allowed. If `+`, `-' and/or `~' is specified, then `+' allows
insertions, `-' allows deletions and `~' allows substitutions. For
example, -Z+~3 allows up to three insertions or substitutions, but
no deletions. If `best' is specified, then only the best matching
lines are output with the lowest cost per file. Option -Zbest
requires two passes over a file and cannot be used with standard
input or Boolean queries. Option --sort=best orders matching files
by best match. The first character of an approximate match always
matches a character at the beginning of the pattern. To fuzzy
match the first character, replace it with a `.' or `.?'. Option
-U applies fuzzy matching to ASCII and bytes instead of Unicode
text. No whitespace may be given between -Z and its argument.
模式的開頭始終與近似匹配的第一個字元匹配，作為防止短模式出現許多錯誤“隨機”匹配的實用策略。這也大大提高了搜尋速度。使第一個字元可選以選擇性地匹配它，例如p?attern或使用點作為模式的開頭來匹配任何寬字元（但這很慢）。
換行符 ( n ) 和 NUL ( ) 字元永遠不會被刪除或替換，以確保模糊匹配不會將模式匹配擴展到超出正規表示式模式指定的行數。
選項-U （ --ascii或--binary ）將模糊匹配限制為 ASCII 和二進制，僅以位元組為單位測量編輯距離。否則，使用Unicode模式進行模糊模式匹配，並以Unicode字元來測量編輯距離。
選項--sort=best訂單檔案以最佳匹配。首先顯示文件中至少有一個精確匹配的文件，然後顯示文件，在最小的編輯距離順序增加的情況下進行了近似匹配。也就是說，按照每個檔案的所有近似匹配項中發現的最小誤差（編輯距離）排序。
要遞歸地搜尋foobar一詞與-Z一詞的近似匹配，即與一個錯誤，例如Foobar ， foo_bar ，foo_bar， foo bar ， fobar和其他形式，一個缺失，一個額外或一個已刪除的字符：
ug -Z 'foobar'
相同，但只能與-w匹配-W，而忽略了案例，則與-i ：
ug -Z -wi 'foobar'
同樣，但最多允許2個插入-Z+2 ，無刪除/替換（最多匹配2個額外字符，例如foos bar ），僅插入可提供最快的模糊匹配方法：
ug -Z+3 -wi 'foobar'
相同，但分類匹配來自最佳（至少一個精確的匹配或最少的模糊匹配錯誤）到最差：
ug -Z+3 -wi --sort=best 'foobar'
注意：由於按最佳匹配進行排序需要對輸入檔進行兩次通過，因此並發搜尋的效率大大降低了。
相同，但具有自訂格式以顯示與格式欄位%Z和%F的近似匹配的編輯距離“成本”，以顯示路徑名：
ug -Z+3 -wi --format='%F%Z:%O%~' --sort=best 'foobar'
同樣，但是這個時候將匹配項與選項-c相吻合，並使用%m使用自定義格式顯示它們，其中%Z是每次匹配的平均成本：
ug -c -Z+3 -wi --format='%F%Z:%m%~' --sort=best 'foobar'
注意：選項-c和-l在--format輸出中不報告有意義的%Z值，因為%Z是單一匹配的編輯距離成本。
？回目錄
--hidden, -.
Search hidden files and directories.
遞歸搜尋工作目錄（包括隱藏的檔案和目錄），以查看Shell腳本中的單字login ：
ug -. -tShell 'login'
？回目錄
--filter=COMMANDS
Filter files through the specified COMMANDS first before searching.
COMMANDS is a comma-separated list of `exts:command [option ...]',
where `exts' is a comma-separated list of filename extensions and
`command' is a filter utility. Files matching one of `exts' are
filtered. When `exts' is a `*', all files are filtered. One or
more `option' separated by spacing may be specified, which are
passed verbatim to the command. A `%' as `option' expands into the
pathname to search. For example, --filter='pdf:pdftotext % -'
searches PDF files. The `%' expands into a `-' when searching
standard input. When a `%' is not specified, a filter utility
should read from standard input and write to standard output.
Option --label=.ext may be used to specify extension `ext' when
searching standard input. This option may be repeated.
--filter-magic-label=LABEL:MAGIC
Associate LABEL with files whose signature "magic bytes" match the
MAGIC regex pattern. Only files that have no filename extension
are labeled, unless +LABEL is specified. When LABEL matches an
extension specified in --filter=COMMANDS, the corresponding command
is invoked. This option may be repeated.
--filter選項將一個或多個過濾器實用程式與特定的檔案名稱擴充功能相關聯。基於檔案名稱副檔名選擇過濾器實用程序，並透過撥出一個流程執行：實用程式的標準輸入讀取開啟輸入文件，並蒐索實用程式的標準輸出。當將%指定為實用程式的選項時，將%擴展到檔案的路徑名以透過實用程式開啟和讀取。
當系統上找不到指定的實用程式時，將顯示錯誤訊息。當實用程式無法產生輸出時，例如，當實用程式的指定選項無效時，搜尋會默默跳過。
過濾不適用於儲存在檔案和壓縮檔案中的檔案。過濾器通常應用於實體儲存在檔案系統中的檔案中。存檔檔案沒有實體儲存。
常見的過濾器實用程式是cat （Concat，通過）， head （選擇第一行或位元組） tr （翻譯）， iconv和uconv （轉換）以及更高級的實用程序，例如：
pdftotext將PDF轉換為文本antiword將文件轉換為文本pandoc轉換.docx，.epub及其他文件格式exiftool讀取嵌入圖像和視訊媒體格式的元資訊。soffice文件csvkit轉換電子表格openssl將憑證和金鑰檔案轉換為文字和其他格式ugrep+和ug+指令使用pdftotext ， antiword ， pandoc和exiftool濾波器（安裝時）搜尋PDF，文檔，電子書和圖像元資料。
也可以將解壓縮器用作濾波器實用程序，例如unzip ， gunzip ， bunzip2 ， unlzma ， unxz ， lzop和7z ，當指定選項--stdout時，將檔案解壓縮到標準輸出。例如：
ug --filter='lzo:lzop -d --stdout -' ...
ug --filter='gz:gunzip -d --stdout -' ...
ug --filter='7z:7z x -so %' ...
--filter='lzo:lzop -d --stdout -'選項將具有擴展lzo檔案解壓縮到標準輸出，並以--stdout為標準輸出-並從標準輸入中讀取壓縮流。 --filter='7z:7z x -so -si選項將以副檔名為7z的檔案解壓縮到標準輸出-so ，讀取有壓縮檔案內容的標準輸入-si時。
請注意，與--filter相比， UGREP選項-z通常會更快地搜尋壓縮檔案。
--filter選項也可用於執行使用者定義的shell腳本以過濾檔案。例如，根據%的檔案名稱擴展，呼叫動作。另一個用例是將檔案傳遞給多個過濾器，可以使用包含線tool1 $1; tool2 $1 。這將文件參數$1用tool1過濾，然後使用tool2以產生組合輸出以搜尋模式匹配。同樣，我們可以將腳本與Line tool1 $1 | tool2一起使用腳本。 tool1 $1 | tool2堆疊兩個過濾器tool1和tool2 。
--filter選項也可以用作從搜尋中跳過某些檔案的謂詞。作為最基本的範例，請考慮使用非零退出代碼退出的false實用程序，而無需讀取輸入或產生輸出。因此， --filter='swp: false'從遞歸搜尋中跳過所有.swp檔案。使用-O^swp可以更有效地完成相同的事情。但是， --filter選項可以呼叫一個腳本，該腳本確定檔案名稱是否通過%參數符合某些約束。如果符合約束，則用cat將標準輸出副本副本副本副本副本副本副本。如果沒有，腳本退出。
警告：選項--filter不應與修改文件的實用程式一起使用。否則搜尋可能是無法預言的。在最壞的情況下，可能會丟失文件，例如，當指定的實用程式替換或刪除傳遞給命令的文件以--filter選項% 。
遞歸搜尋文件，包括工作目錄中的PDF文件，而無需遞歸為子目錄（帶有-1 ），以使用pdftotext FILLED drink me進行匹配，以將PDF轉換為文本而無需保留頁面上斷：
ug -r -1 --filter='pdf:pdftotext -nopgbrk % -' 'drink me'
遞歸搜尋文字文件，以便在.txt和.md檔案中使用cat -v filter在.txt和.md檔案中轉換不eat me的字元：
ug -r -ttext --filter='txt,md:cat -v' 'eat me'
相同，但分別指定.txt和.md過濾器：
ug -r -ttext --filter='txt:cat -v, md:cat -v' 'eat me'
要搜尋文字檔案的第一個8K：
ug --filter='txt:head -c 8192' 'eat me' wonderland.txt
遞歸搜尋並列出包含Alice一詞的文件，包括使用pandoc過濾器的.docx和.epub文件：
ug -rl -w --filter='docx,epub:pandoc --wrap=preserve -t plain % -o -' 'Alice'
重要的是： pandoc實用程式需要輸入文件，並且不會讀取標準輸入。選項%擴展到檔案的完整路徑名進行搜尋。指定的輸出格式是markdown ，該格式足夠接近以搜尋文字。
遞歸搜尋並列出包含Alice一詞的文件，包括.odt，.doc，.docx，.rtf，.xls，.xlsx，.ppt，.ppt，.pptx文檔使用soffice Filter：
ug -rl -w --filter='odt,doc,docx,rtf,xls,xlsx,ppt,pptx:soffice --headless --cat %' 'Alice'
重要的是：當一個或多個libreoffice GUI開啟時， soffice實用程式將不會輸出任何文字。請確保首先退出所有Libreoffice應用程式。這看起來像是一個錯誤，但是Libreoffice開發人員似乎不會很快解決這個問題（除非有更多的人抱怨？）。您可以使用以下半記錄的參數轉移soffice soffice -env:UserInstallation=file:///home/user/.libreoffice-alt ，透過指定特定的使用者設定檔來解決此問題。
遞歸搜尋和顯示.csv，.xls和.xlsx電子表格的行，這些電子表格使用CSVKIT的in2csv濾波器包含10/6行：
ug -r -Ocsv,xls,xlsx --filter='xls,xlsx:in2csv %' '10/6'
要搜尋.docx，.xlsx和.pptx文件，將使用unzip用作濾波器的10/6轉換為XML，以匹配：
ug -lr -Odocx,xlsx,pptx --filter='docx,xlsx,pptx:unzip -p %' '10/6'
重要的是：解壓縮DOCX，XLXS，PPTX檔案會產生包含元資訊和二進位資料（例如映像）的廣泛XML輸出。相較之下，具有-Oxml的UGREP選項-z僅選擇XML元件：
ug -z -lr -Odocx,xlsx,pptx,xml '10/6'
注意： DOCX，XLSX和PPTX是包含多個元件的ZIP檔。在DOCX，XLSX和PPTX文件中選擇具有選項-Oxml的XML元件時，我們還應指定-Odocx,xlsx,pptx以搜尋此類文件，否則將忽略這些文件。
若要遞歸地搜尋X509憑證文件，以使用Not After行（例如查找過期憑證），使用openssl作為過濾器：
ug -r 'Not After' -Ocer,der,pem --filter='pem:openssl x509 -text,cer,crt,der:openssl x509 -text -inform der'
請注意， openssl警告訊息顯示在標準錯誤上。如果不能轉換文件，則可能是不同的格式。可以透過編寫一個基於檔案內容的選項執行openssl的Shell腳本來解決這個問題。然後用ugrep --filter編寫腳本。
使用exiftool使用-tpng搜尋png檔：
ug -r -i 'copyright' -tpng --filter='*:exiftool %'
同樣，但還包括與-tPng和--filter-magic-label='+png:x89pngx0dx0ax1ax0a'匹配PNG“魔術字節”的文件，以選擇png濾鏡：
ug -r -i 'copyright' -tPng --filter='png:exiftool %' --filter-magic-label='+png:x89pngx0dx0ax1ax0a'
請注意， +png覆蓋了--filter的任何檔案名稱擴展匹配。否則，如果沒有A + ，則在目前的情況下，FileName副檔名優先於標記的魔術模式來呼叫對應的過濾器命令。與--filter-magic-label和--filter一起使用的LABEL沒有具體的含義；任何不包含:的名稱或,都可以使用。
？回目錄
--hexdump[=[1-8][a][bch][A[NUM]][B[NUM]][C[NUM]]]
Output matches in 1 to 8 columns of 8 hexadecimal octets. The
default is 2 columns or 16 octets per line. Argument `a' outputs a
`*' for all hex lines that are identical to the previous hex line,
`b' removes all space breaks, `c' removes the character column, `h'
removes hex spacing, `A' includes up to NUM hex lines after a
match, `B' includes up to NUM hex lines before a match and `C'
includes up to NUM hex lines before and after a match. Arguments
`A', `B' and `C' are the same as options -A, -B and -C when used
with --hexdump. See also options -U, -W and -X.
-U, --ascii, --binary
Disables Unicode matching for binary file matching, forcing PATTERN
to match bytes, not Unicode characters. For example, -U 'xa3'
matches byte A3 (hex) instead of the Unicode code point U+00A3
represented by the UTF-8 sequence C2 A3. See also --dotall.
-W, --with-hex
Output binary matches in hexadecimal, leaving text matches alone.
This option is equivalent to the --binary-files=with-hex option.
To omit the matching line from the hex output, use both options -W
and --hexdump. See also options -U.
-X, --hex
Output matches and matching lines in hexadecimal. This option is
equivalent to the --binary-files=hex option. To omit the matching
line from the hex output use option --hexdump. See also option -U.
--dotall
Dot `.' in regular expressions matches anything, including newline.
Note that `.*' matches all input and should not be used.
請注意， --hexdump與-X不同，透過省略了十六進位輸出的匹配線，僅使用最小數量的十六進位線顯示匹配模式。例如，以-ABC上下文選項或--hexdump=C3輸出3個十六進位線作為上下文，其他符合上下文線將會輸出。
若要搜尋檔案以取得ASCII單字，請像往常一樣顯示文字行，而二進位內容則顯示為-U和-W ：
ug -UW 'w+' myfile
將整個文件作為與-X的匹配：
ug -X '' myfile
到HEXDUMP一個具有-X的整個文件，顯示線號和-nb的位元組偏移（此處為-y以顯示所有行號）：
ug -Xynb '' myfile
使用（二進位）檔案中包含一個或多個 0的HexDump線，使用帶有-U和-X的非unicode模式：
ug -UX 'x00+' myfile
相同，但hexdump作為-y上下文，整個文件（請注意，基於行的選項不允許與newlines進行匹配模式）：
ug -UX -y 'x00+' myfile
相同，每行壓實至32個位元組，沒有字元列：
ug -UX -y 'x00+' myfile
匹配二進位圖案A3..A3. （十六進位）在沒有Unicode模式匹配的二進位檔案中（否則將xaf與UTF-8位元組序列C2 A3匹配 Xaf作為Unicode字元U+00A3），並將結果與--hexdump一起顯示緊湊型六角形：
ug --pager --hexdump -U 'xa3[x00-xff]{2}xa3[x00-xff]' a.out
相同，但使用選項--dotall出.符合任何字節，包括DOT不匹配的NEWLINE（GREP要求的預設值）：
ug --dotall --pager --hexdump -U 'xa3.{2}xa3.' a.out
若要列出所有包含RPM簽署的文件，該文件位於rpm目錄中，並在下方遞歸（例如，請參閱檔案簽章清單）：
ug -RlU 'Axedxabxeexdb' rpm
？回目錄
-I Ignore matches in binary files. This option is equivalent to the
--binary-files=without-match option.
遞歸搜尋而無需遵循符號連結和忽略二進位檔案：
ug -rl -I 'xyz'
忽略帶有擴展名的特定二進位文件，例如.exe，.bin，.out，.a，使用--exclude或--exclude-from ：
ug -rl --exclude-from=ignore_binaries 'xyz'
其中ignore_binaries是一個包含每一行上一個glo的文件，以忽略匹配的文件，例如*.exe ， *.bin ， *.out ， *.a 。因為該命令很長，因此建議使用該命令，例如ugs （UGREP來源）：
alias ugs="ugrep --exclude-from=~/ignore_binaries"
ugs -rl 'xyz'
？回目錄
--ignore-files[=FILE]
Ignore files and directories matching the globs in each FILE that
is encountered in recursive searches. The default FILE is
`.gitignore'. Matching files and directories located in the
directory of the FILE and in subdirectories below are ignored.
Globbing syntax is the same as the --exclude-from=FILE gitignore
syntax, but files and directories are excluded instead of only
files. Directories are specifically excluded when the glob ends in
a `/'. Files and directories explicitly specified as command line
arguments are never ignored. This option may be repeated to
specify additional files.
Option --ignore-files在遞歸搜尋中尋找.gitignore或指定的FILE 。當.gitignore或指定的FILE在向下遍歷目錄樹分支時找到.gitignore檔案時，將使用.gitignore檔案臨時擴展了先前的排除，並在.gitignore中使用附加的globs將組合排除應用於根源在該目錄的目錄樹上.gitignore使用--stats顯示應用於搜尋結果和每個FILE的位置的選擇標準。為了避免混亂，從未忽略指定為命令列參數的檔案和目錄。
請注意，排除命令列選項指定時，排除球模式的優先順序包括在內。相比之下，已指定的否定環模式!在--ignore-files檔案中優先。這有效地覆蓋了排除，並解決衝突，而有利於列出明確指定為例外的匹配文件，應包括在搜尋中。
另請參閱使用Gitignore風格的地球儀來選擇要搜尋的目錄和檔案。
遞歸搜尋而無需以下符號鏈接，同時忽略.gitignore忽略的文件和目錄，請使用選項--ignore-files 。請注意，當未指定文件參數時， -r是預設值，我們在此處使用它使範例更容易遵循。
ug -rl --ignore-files 'xyz'
相同，但包括 - 帶有-.而不是忽略它們：
ug -rl. --ignore-files 'xyz'
遞歸列出.gitignore（當下）使用--ignore-files不忽略的所有檔案：
ug -rl --ignore-files ''
同樣，但是列出了.gitignore並不忽略的shell腳本，當時存在：
ug -rl -tShell '' --ignore-files
遞歸列出.gitignore不忽略的所有文件，並且也不由.git/info/exclude ：
ug -rl '' --ignore-files --exclude-from=.git/info/exclude
相同，但是透過建立一個符號連結到.git/info/exclude以使排除屬於隱式：
ln -s .git/info/exclude .ignore
ug -rl '' --ignore-files --ignore-files=.ignore
？回目錄
-g GLOBS, --glob=GLOBS
Search only files whose name matches the specified comma-separated
list of GLOBS, same as --include='glob' for each `glob' in GLOBS.
When a `glob' is preceded by a `!' or a `^', skip files whose name
matches `glob', same as --exclude='glob'. When `glob' contains a
`/', full pathnames are matched. Otherwise basenames are matched.
When `glob' ends with a `/', directories are matched, same as
--include-dir='glob' and --exclude-dir='glob'. A leading `/'
matches the working directory. This option may be repeated and may
be combined with options -M, -O and -t to expand searches. See
`ugrep --help globs' and `man ugrep' section GLOBBING for details.
--exclude=GLOB
Skip files whose name matches GLOB using wildcard matching, same as
-g ^GLOB. GLOB can use **, *, ?, and [...] as wildcards, and \ to
quote a wildcard or backslash character literally. When GLOB
contains a `/', full pathnames are matched. Otherwise basenames
are matched. When GLOB ends with a `/', directories are excluded
as if --exclude-dir is specified. Otherwise files are excluded.
Note that --exclude patterns take priority over --include patterns.
GLOB should be quoted to prevent shell globbing. This option may
be repeated.
--exclude-dir=GLOB
Exclude directories whose name matches GLOB from recursive
searches, same as -g ^GLOB/. GLOB can use **, *, ?, and [...] as
wildcards, and \ to quote a wildcard or backslash character
literally. When GLOB contains a `/', full pathnames are matched.
Otherwise basenames are matched. Note that --exclude-dir patterns
take priority over --include-dir patterns. GLOB should be quoted
to prevent shell globbing. This option may be repeated.
--exclude-from=FILE
Read the globs from FILE and skip files and directories whose name
matches one or more globs. A glob can use **, *, ?, and [...] as
wildcards, and to quote a wildcard or backslash character
literally. When a glob contains a `/', full pathnames are matched.
Otherwise basenames are matched. When a glob ends with a `/',
directories are excluded as if --exclude-dir is specified.
Otherwise files are excluded. A glob starting with a `!' overrides
previously-specified exclusions by including matching files. Lines
starting with a `#' and empty lines in FILE are ignored. When FILE
is a `-', standard input is read. This option may be repeated.
--ignore-files[=FILE]
Ignore files and directories matching the globs in each FILE that
is encountered in recursive searches. The default FILE is
`.gitignore'. Matching files and directories located in the
directory of the FILE and in subdirectories below are ignored.
Globbing syntax is the same as the --exclude-from=FILE gitignore
syntax, but files and directories are excluded instead of only
files. Directories are specifically excluded when the glob ends in
a `/'. Files and directories explicitly specified as command line
arguments are never ignored. This option may be repeated to
specify additional files.
--include=GLOB
Search only files whose name matches GLOB using wildcard matching,
same as -g GLOB. GLOB can use **, *, ?, and [...] as wildcards,
and \ to quote a wildcard or backslash character literally. When
GLOB contains a `/', full pathnames are matched. Otherwise
basenames are matched. When GLOB ends with a `/', directories are
included as if --include-dir is specified. Otherwise files are
included. Note that --exclude patterns take priority over
--include patterns. GLOB should be quoted to prevent shell
globbing. This option may be repeated.
--include-dir=GLOB
Only directories whose name matches GLOB are included in recursive
searches, same as -g GLOB/. GLOB can use **, *, ?, and [...] as
wildcards, and \ to quote a wildcard or backslash character
literally. When GLOB contains a `/', full pathnames are matched.
Otherwise basenames are matched. Note that --exclude-dir patterns
take priority over --include-dir patterns. GLOB should be quoted
to prevent shell globbing. This option may be repeated.
--include-from=FILE
Read the globs from FILE and search only files and directories
whose name matches one or more globs. A glob can use **, *, ?, and
[...] as wildcards, and to quote a wildcard or backslash
character literally. When a glob contains a `/', full pathnames
are matched. Otherwise basenames are matched. When a glob ends
with a `/', directories are included as if --include-dir is
specified. Otherwise files are included. A glob starting with a
`!' overrides previously-specified inclusions by excluding matching
files. Lines starting with a `#' and empty lines in FILE are
ignored. When FILE is a `-', standard input is read. This option
may be repeated.
-O EXTENSIONS, --file-extension=EXTENSIONS
Search only files whose filename extensions match the specified
comma-separated list of EXTENSIONS, same as --include='*.ext' for
each `ext' in EXTENSIONS. When `ext' is preceded by a `!' or a
`^', skip files whose filename extensions matches `ext', same as
--exclude='*.ext'. This option may be repeated and may be combined
with options -g, -M and -t to expand the recursive search.
--stats
Output statistics on the number of files and directories searched,
and the inclusion and exclusion constraints applied.
另請參閱搜尋中包括或排除掛載的檔案系統。
Gitignore風格的Glob語法與慣例：
| 圖案 | 比賽 |
|---|---|
* | 除/ |
? | 除/ |
[abc-e] | 一個字元a ， b ， c ， d ， e |
[^abc-e] | 一個角色不是a ， b ， c ， d ， e ， / |
[!abc-e] | 一個角色不是a ， b ， c ， d ， e ， / |
/ | 當在地球開頭使用時，匹配工作目錄 |
**/ | 零或更多目錄 |
/** | 在地球結束時，匹配/之後的所有內容 |
? | 一個?或後斜線後指定的任何其他字符 |
當Glod模式包含路徑分離器/時，將符合完整的路徑名。否則，在遞歸搜尋中符合了檔案或目錄的Basename。例如， *.h符合foo.h和bar/foo.h 。 bar/foo.h bar/bar/foo.h bar/*.h foo.h
當Glot模式以A /開頭時，檔案和目錄在工作目錄中匹配，而不是遞歸。例如，使用引導/ foo.h /*.h bar/foo.h
當Glot模式以A /結尾時，目錄是匹配的，而不是文件，與--include-dir相同。
當一個地球從一個開始! --include-from=FILE -g!GLOB FILE --exclude-from=FILE
若要查看應用於搜尋的夾雜物和排除列表，請使用選項--stats 。
要列出僅在工作目錄中以foo開頭的名稱的可讀文件，其中包含xyz ，而無需與-s和-l產生警告訊息：
ug -sl 'xyz' foo*
相同，但使用帶有包含約束的深層遞歸（請注意-g'/foo*與--include='/foo*'和-g'/foo*/'相同，與--include-dir='/foo*' ，即立即符合/foo*立即的子目錄）：
ug -rl 'xyz' -g'/foo*' -g'/foo*/'
請注意， -r是預設值，我們在這裡使用它使範例更容易遵循。
排除位於工作目錄中的目錄bak ：
ug -rl 'xyz' -g'^/bak/'
在任何目錄層級上排除所有目錄bak ：
ug -rl 'xyz' -g'^bak/'
若要僅在工作目錄及其子目錄doc中列出文件，其中包含xyz （請注意， -g'/doc/'與--include-dir='/doc'相同，即僅立即subdirectory doc ）：
ug -rl 'xyz' -g'/doc/'
僅列出包括子目錄html的子目錄路徑doc上的文件，其中包含xyz ：
ug -rl 'xyz' -g'doc/**/html/'
若要僅在工作目錄中列出文件，以及在doc /doc/ doc/latest中的子目錄中，但不包含xyz ：
ug -rl 'xyz' -g'/doc/' -g'/doc/latest/'
要遞歸列出工作目錄中的.cpp檔案和任何深度的子目錄，其中包含xyz ：
ug -rl 'xyz' -g'*.cpp'
相同，但是使用.gitignore風格的glob匹配路徑名（帶有/ ）的globs，而不是在遞歸搜尋中匹配Basenames（無/ ）：
ug -rl 'xyz' -g'**/*.cpp'
相同，但使用選項-Ocpp來匹配檔案名稱副檔名：
ug -rl -Ocpp 'xyz'
遞歸列出工作目錄中的所有文件，下面的所有文件都不被特定的.gitignore文件忽略：
ug -rl '' --exclude-from=.gitignore
遞歸列出工作目錄中的所有文件，下面沒有一個或多個。
ug -rl '' --ignore-files
？回目錄
--exclude-fs=MOUNTS
Exclude file systems specified by MOUNTS from recursive searches.
MOUNTS is a comma-separated list of mount points or pathnames to
directories. When MOUNTS is not specified, only descends into the
file systems associated with the specified file and directory
search targets, i.e. excludes all other file systems. Note that
--exclude-fs=MOUNTS take priority over --include-fs=MOUNTS. This
option may be repeated.
--include-fs=MOUNTS
Only file systems specified by MOUNTS are included in recursive
searches. MOUNTS is a comma-separated list of mount points or
pathnames to directories. When MOUNTS is not specified, restricts
recursive searches to the file system of the working directory,
same as --include-fs=. (dot). Note that --exclude-fs=MOUNTS take
priority over --include-fs=MOUNTS. This option may be repeated.
這些選項透過比較裝置編號來控制跨檔案系統的遞歸搜尋。透過指定檔案系統上任何目錄的安裝點或一個路徑名來指定適用的檔案系統，可以包括或從遞歸搜尋中包含或排除到固定檔案系統上的檔案和目錄的固定裝置和符號連結。
請注意，固定檔案系統的清單通常儲存在/etc/mtab中。
僅將遞歸搜尋限製到搜尋目標的檔案系統，而無需越過其他檔案系統（類似於find選項-x ）：
ug -rl --exclude-fs 'xyz' /sys /var
僅將遞歸搜尋限製到工作目錄的檔案系統，而無需越過其他檔案系統：
ug -l --include-fs 'xyz'
實際上，在這種情況下，我們可以使用--exclude-fs因為我們將工作目錄搜尋為目標，並且要排除所有其他檔案系統：
ug -l --exclude-fs 'xyz'
從遞歸搜尋中排除安裝在/dev和/proc的檔案系統：
ug -l --exclude-fs=/dev,/proc 'xyz'
僅包含與磁碟機d:在遞歸搜尋中：
ug -l --include-fs=d:/ 'xyz'
從遞歸搜尋中排除fuse和tmpfs類型檔案系統：
exfs=`ugrep -w -e fuse -e tmpfs /etc/mtab | ugrep -P '^S+ (S+)' --format='%,%1'`
ug -l --exclude-fs="$exfs" 'xyz'
？回目錄
-c, --count
Only a count of selected lines is written to standard output.
If -o or -u is specified, counts the number of patterns matched.
If -v is specified, counts the number of non-matching lines. If
-m1, (with a comma or --min-count=1) is specified, counts only
matching files without outputting zero matches.
計算文件中的行數：
ug -c '' myfile.txt
計算與TODO的行數：
ug -c -w 'TODO' myfile.cpp
若要計算檔案中的TODO總數，請使用-c和-o ：：
ug -co -w 'TODO' myfile.cpp
計算檔案中的ASCII單字的數量：
ug -co '[[:word:]]+' myfile.txt
計算檔案中ASCII和Unicode單字的數量：
ug -co 'w+' myfile.txt
計算文件中的Unicode字元數：
ug -co 'p{Unicode}' myfile.txt
計算檔案中的零位元組數：
ug -UX -co 'x00' image.jpg
？回目錄
-b, --byte-offset
The offset in bytes of a matched line is displayed in front of the
respective matched line. When used with option -u, displays the
offset in bytes of each pattern matched. Byte offsets are exact
for ASCII, UTF-8, and raw binary input. Otherwise, the byte offset
in the UTF-8 converted input is displayed.
-H, --with-filename
Always print the filename with output lines. This is the default
when there is more than one file to search.
-k, --column-number
The column number of a matched pattern is displayed in front of the
respective matched line, starting at column 1. Tabs are expanded
when columns are counted, see option --tabs.
-n, --line-number
Each output line is preceded by its relative line number in the
file, starting at line 1. The line number counter is reset for
each file processed.
-T, --initial-tab
Add a tab space to separate the file name, line number, column
number, and byte offset with the matched line.
要顯示檔案名稱-H ，LINE -n和列-k myfile.cpp中的匹配數，並帶有空格和標籤，可將列與-T分開。
ug -THnk 'main' myfile.cpp
在myfile.cpp中使用-n word main顯示行：
ug -nw 'main' myfile.cpp
若要顯示整個檔案myfile.cpp ，line -n號碼：
ug -n '' myfile.cpp
若要遞歸搜尋具有main的C ++文件，請顯示與-n和-k的匹配行數和列數：
ug -r -nk -tc++ 'main'
顯示與-b的匹配的位元組偏移：
ug -r -b -tc++ 'main'
用--xml顯示XML中的符合行和列數：
ug -r -nk --xml -tc++ 'main'
？回目錄
--color[=WHEN], --colour[=WHEN]
Mark up the matching text with the expression stored in the
GREP_COLOR or GREP_COLORS environment variable. The possible
values of WHEN can be `never', `always', or `auto', where `auto'
marks up matches only when output on a terminal. The default is
`auto'.
--colors=COLORS, --colours=COLORS
Use COLORS to mark up text. COLORS is a colon-separated list of
one or more parameters `sl=' (selected line), `cx=' (context line),
`mt=' (matched text), `ms=' (match selected), `mc=' (match
context), `fn=' (file name), `ln=' (line number), `cn=' (column
number), `bn=' (byte offset), `se=' (separator), `qp=' (TUI
prompt), `qe=' (TUI errors), `qr=' (TUI regex), `qm=' (TUI regex
meta characters), `ql=' (TUI regex lists and literals), `qb=' (TUI
regex braces). Parameter values are ANSI SGR color codes or `k'
(black), `r' (red), `g' (green), `y' (yellow), `b' (blue), `m'
(magenta), `c' (cyan), `w' (white), or leave empty for no color.
Upper case specifies background colors. A `+' qualifies a color as
bright. A foreground and a background color may be combined with
font properties `n' (normal), `f' (faint), `h' (highlight), `i'
(invert), `u' (underline). Parameter `hl' enables file name
hyperlinks. Parameter `rv' reverses the `sl=' and `cx=' parameters
when option -v is specified. Selectively overrides GREP_COLORS.
Legacy grep single parameter codes may be specified, for example
--colors='7;32' or --colors=ig to set ms (match selected).
--tag[=TAG[,END]]
Disables colors to mark up matches with TAG. END marks the end of
a match if specified, otherwise TAG. The default is `___'.
--pager[=COMMAND]
When output is sent to the terminal, uses COMMAND to page through
the output. COMMAND defaults to environment variable PAGER when
defined or `less'. Enables --heading and --line-buffered.
--pretty[=WHEN]
When output is sent to a terminal, enables --color, --heading, -n,
--sort, --tree and -T when not explicitly disabled. WHEN can be
`never', `always', or `auto'. The default is `auto'.
--tree, -^
Output directories with matching files in a tree-like format for
option -c or --count, -l or --files-with-matches, -L or
--files-without-match. This option is enabled by --pretty when the
output is sent to a terminal.
若要變更調色板，請設定GREP_COLORS環境變數或使用--colors=COLORS 。該值是預設為cx=33:mt=1;31:fn=1;35:ln=1;32:cn=1;32:bn=1;32:se=36 ：
| 參數 | 結果 |
|---|---|
sl= | 選定的行 |
cx= | 內容行 |
rv | 指定-v時交換sl= and cx=功能 |
mt= | 在任何匹配行中匹配文字 |
ms= | 在選定的行中匹配文字。子字串MT =預設情況下 |
mc= | 在上下文行中匹配文字。子字串MT =預設情況下 |
fn= | 檔案名稱 |
ln= | 線號 |
cn= | 列號 |
bn= | 位元組偏移 |
se= | 分離器 |
hl | 超連結檔案名稱，與--hyperlink相同 |
qp= | TUI提示 |
qe= | tui錯誤 |
qr= | Tui Regex |
qm= | tui Regex Meta字符 |
ql= | TUI REGEX清單與文字 |
qb= | Tui Regex Bracs |
當透過半隆分離時，可以為單一參數指定多個SGR代碼，例如mt=1;31指定亮紅色。以下大多數顏色終端可用以下SGR代碼：
| 程式碼 | c | 影響 | 程式碼 | c | 影響 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | n | 正常字體和顏色 | 2 | f | 微弱（不廣泛支持） |
| 1 | 小時 | 突出顯示了粗體字體 | 21 | H | 強調大膽 |
| 4 | 你 | 強調 | 24 | U | 下線 |
| 7 | 我 | 反轉視頻 | 27 號 | 我 | 倒轉 |
| 30 | k | 黑色文字 | 90 | +k | 明亮的灰色文字 |
| 31 | r | 紅色文字 | 91 | +r | 明亮的紅色文字 |
| 32 | 克 | 綠色文字 | 92 | +g | 明亮的綠色文字 |
| 33 | y | 黃色文字 | 93 | +y | 明亮的黃色文字 |
| 34 | 乙 | 藍色文字 | 94 | +b | 明亮的藍色文字 |
| 35 | 米 | 洋紅色文字 | 95 | +米 | 明亮的洋紅色文字 |
| 36 | c | 青色文字 | 96 | +c | 明亮的青色文字 |
| 37 | w | 白色文字 | 97 | +w | 明亮的白色文字 |
| 40 | K | 黑色背景 | 100 | +K | 明亮的灰色背景 |
| 41 | 右 | 深紅色背景 | 101 | +r | 明亮的紅色背景 |
| 42 | G | 深綠色背景 | 102 | +G | 明亮的綠色背景 |
| 43 | 是 | 深黃色背景 | 103 | +Y | 明亮的黃色背景 |
| 44 | 乙 | 深藍色背景 | 104 | +B | 明亮的藍色背景 |
| 45 | 中號 | 深紅色背景 | 105 | +M | 明亮的洋紅色背景 |
| 46 | C | 深青色背景 | 106 | +C | 明亮的青色背景 |
| 47 | 瓦 | 深白背景 | 107 | +W | 明亮的白色背景 |
請參閱Wikipedia ANSI逃生代碼-SGR參數
為了快速簡便的顏色規範，可以使用對應的單字母顏色名稱來取代數字SGR代碼，並且不需要分離顏色名稱。顏色名稱和數字代碼可能會混合在一起。
例如，在明亮的選定線上顯示帶有下劃線的亮綠色的匹配項，以幫助可視化匹配和文件名中的空白：
export GREP_COLORS='sl=1:cx=33:ms=1;4;32;100:mc=1;4;32:fn=1;32;100:ln=1;32:cn=1;32:bn=1;32:se=36'
相同，但帶有單個字母的顏色名稱：
export GREP_COLORS='sl=h:cx=y:ms=hug+K:mc=hug:fn=hg+K:ln=hg:cn=hg:bn=hg:se=c'
另一個效果很好的配色：
export GREP_COLORS='cx=hb:ms=hiy:mc=hic:fn=hi+y+K:ln=hg:cn=hg:bn=hg:se='
現代Windows命令口譯員支援ANSI逃生代碼。命名或數字顏色可以用SET GREP_COLORS設置，例如：
SET GREP_COLORS=sl=1;37:cx=33:mt=1;31:fn=1;35:ln=1;32:cn=1;32:bn=1;32:se=36
在Windows上停用顏色：
SET GREP_COLORS=""
每個平台和所使用的終端程式可能會有所不同，這會影響可讀性。
選項-y輸出每一行輸入，包括無匹配行作為上下文。顏色的使用有助於區分匹配和非匹配上下文。
複製Silver Searcher的調色板：
export GREP_COLORS='mt=30;43:fn=1;32:ln=1;33:cn=1;33:bn=1;33'
要產生顏色高的結果（ --color為冗餘，因為它是預設值）：
ug --color -r -n -k -tc++ 'FIXME.*'
用Pager（預設情況下less -R ）透過結果頁面：
ug --pager -r -n -k -tc++ 'FIXME'
要顯示ZIP檔案本身的六個六角形（即無需解壓縮），帶有顏色高的Zip Magic Bytes PKx03x04 （ --color是多餘的）：因為它是預設值）：
ug --color -y -UX 'PKx03x04' some.zip
要使用預先定義的模式列出C ++檔案中的所有#include和#define ：
ug --pretty -r -n -tc++ -f c++/includes -f c++/defines
相同，但覆蓋了匹配的顏色，如倒黃色（反向視頻）和藍色的藍色標題 - 使用--pretty ：
ug --pretty --colors="ms=yi:fn=hyB" -r -n -tc++ -f c++/includes -f c++/defines
要列出所有#define FOO... C ++檔案中的宏，顏色高點：
ug --color=always -r -n -tc++ -f c++/defines | ug 'FOO.*'
相同，但僅限於.cpp檔：
ug --color=always -r -n -Ocpp -f c++/defines | ug 'FOO.*'
搜尋Tarballs以找到PDF檔案的匹配名稱（假設Bash是我們的外殼）：
for tb in *.tar *.tar.gz *.tgz; do echo "$tb"; tar tfz "$tb" | ugrep '.*.pdf$'; done
？回目錄
--cpp Output file matches in C++. See also options --format and -u.
--csv Output file matches in CSV. If -H, -n, -k, or -b is specified,
additional values are output. See also options --format and -u.
--json Output file matches in JSON. If -H, -n, -k, or -b is specified,
additional values are output. See also options --format and -u.
--xml Output file matches in XML. If -H, -n, -k, or -b is specified,
additional values are output. See also options --format and -u.
遞歸搜尋使用TODO和顯示的C ++檔案匹配的行，並具有行號屬性：
ug -tc++ -n --json 'TODO'
遞歸搜尋使用TODO並顯示XML中的C ++檔案符合的行，並帶有行和列號屬性：
ug -tc++ -nk --xml 'TODO'
遞歸搜尋使用TODO和顯示C ++檔案匹配的線路，以CSV格式使用檔案路徑名，行號和列號欄位：
ug -tc++ --csv -Hnk 'TODO'
從HTML檔案中提取表，然後使用-o ：將其放入C/C ++原始程式碼中：
ug -o --cpp '<tr>.*</tr>' index.html > table.cpp
？回目錄
--format=FORMAT
Output FORMAT-formatted matches. For example --format='%f:%n:%O%~'
outputs matching lines `%O' with filename `%f` and line number `%n'
followed by a newline `%~'. If -P is specified, FORMAT may include
`%1' to `%9', `%[NUM]#' and `%[NAME]#' to output group captures. A
`%%' outputs `%'. See `ugrep --help format' and `man ugrep'
section FORMAT for details. When option -o is specified, option -u
is also enabled. Context options -A, -B, -C and -y are ignored.
-P, --perl-regexp
Interpret PATTERN as a Perl regular expression.
使用選項-P使用群組捕獲和反向表示。捕獲正規模式的群組為括號表達式(pattern) 。第一組的FORMAT為%1 ，第二組乘以%2等。命名捕獲的形式為(?<NAME>pattern) ，並以%[NAME]#的FORMAT引用。
可以使用以下輸出格式選項。 FORMAT字串% - 欄位在下面的一個表格中列出：
| 選項 | 結果 |
|---|---|
--format-begin=FORMAT | FORMAT開始搜尋 |
--format-open=FORMAT | FORMAT開啟檔案並找到匹配 |
--format=FORMAT | 文件中的每個符合的FORMAT |
--format-close=FORMAT | FORMAT關閉文件和匹配 |
--format-end=FORMAT | FORMAT結束搜索 |
以下表顯示了與--csv ， --json和--xml相對應的格式選項。
--csv| 選項 | 格式字串（在引號中） |
|---|---|
--format-open | '%+' |
--format | '%[,]$%H%N%K%B%V%~%u' |
--json| 選項 | 格式字串（在引號中） |
|---|---|
--format-begin | '[' |
--format-open | '%,%~ {%~ %[,%~ ]$%["file": ]H"matches": [' |
--format | '%,%~ { %[, ]$%["line": ]N%["column": ]K%["offset": ]B"match": %J }%u' |
--format-close | '%~ ]%~ }' |
--format-end | '%~]%~' |
--xml| 選項 | 格式字串（在引號中） |
|---|---|
--format-begin | '<grep>%~' |
--format-open | ' <file%["]$%[ name="]I>%~' |
--format | ' <match%["]$%[ line="]N%[ column="]K%[ offset="]B>%X</match>%~%u' |
--format-close | ' </file>%~' |
--format-end | '</grep>%~' |
--only-line-number| 選項 | 格式字串（在引號中） |
|---|---|
--format-open | '%+' |
--format | '%F%n%s%K%B%~%u' |
以下欄位可以在FORMAT字串中使用：
| 場地 | 輸出 |
|---|---|
%% | 百分比標誌 |
%~ | 新線（Windows中的LF或CRLF） |
%F | 如果使用選項-H ：檔案路徑名稱和隔板 |
%[TEXT]F | 如果使用選項-H ： TEXT ，檔案路徑名和隔離器 |
%f | 檔案路徑名 |
%a | 檔案basename沒有目錄路徑 |
%p | 檔案的目錄路徑 |
%z | （壓縮）存檔中的路徑名，無{ and } |
%H | 如果使用選項-H ：引用的路徑名稱和隔離器， " and \ replact "和 |
%+ | 如果使用選項-+或--heading ： %F和newline字符，請抑制所有%F和%H 。 |
%[TEXT]H | 如果使用選項-H ： TEXT ，引用的路徑名和隔板， " and \ replact "和 |
%h | 引用的檔案路徑名， "和\ replact "和 |
%I | 如果使用選項-H ：XML和Siparator中的路徑名 |
%[TEXT]I | 如果使用TEXT -H |
%i | 檔案路徑名稱為xml |
%N | 如果使用選項-n ：行號和分隔符 |
%[TEXT]N | 如果使用選項-n ： TEXT ，行號和分隔符 |
%n | 比賽的線號 |
%l | 比賽的最後一行號碼（多行配對） |
%L | 匹配的行數（多行匹配） |
%K | 如果使用選項-k ：列號和分隔符 |
%[TEXT]K | 如果使用選項-k ： TEXT ，列號和分隔符 |
%k | 比賽的列號 |
%A | 比賽中的一場比賽的位元組範圍（偏移和結束） |
%B | 如果使用選項-b ：位元組偏移和分隔符 |
%[TEXT]B | 如果使用選項-b ： TEXT ，位元組偏移和分隔符 |
%b | 比賽的位元組偏移 |
%T | 如果使用了選項-T ： TEXT和標籤字符 |
%[TEXT]T | 如果使用了選項-T ： TEXT和標籤字符 |
%t | 標籤字符 |
%[SEP]$ | 將場分離器設定為SEP的其餘格式字段 |
%[TEXT]< | 如果第一個匹配： TEXT |
%[TEXT]> | 如果不是第一場比賽： TEXT |
%, | 如果不是第一場比賽：逗號，與%[,]>相同 |
%: | 如果不是第一場比賽：結腸，與%[:]>相同 |
%; | 如果不是第一場比賽：半分號，與%[;]>相同 |
%│ | 如果不是第一場比賽：垂直條，與%[│]>相同 |
%S | 如果不是第一場比賽：分離器，另請參見%[SEP]$ |
%[TEXT]S | 如果不是第一場比賽： TEXT和分離器，另請參見%[SEP]$ |
%s | 分離器，另請參見%[TEXT]S和%[SEP]$ |
%R | 如果使用 - 使用--break或--heading ：newline |
%m | 匹配的數量，順序（或匹配文件的數量--format-end ） |
%M | 匹配行的數量（或帶有--format-end匹配文件數） |
%O | 匹配行是輸出的（一個原始字串的字串） |
%o | 該匹配是輸出的（一個原始字串的字串） |
%Q | 匹配行作為引號的字串， "和\替換"和 |
%q | 匹配為引號字串， "和\替換"和 |
%C | 匹配線格式為引用的C/C ++字串 |
%c | 比賽格式為引用的C/C ++字串 |
%J | 匹配線格式為引用的JSON字串 |
%j | 比賽格式為引用的JSON字串 |
%V | 匹配線格式為引用的CSV字串 |
%v | 比賽格式為引用的CSV字串 |
%X | 匹配線格式為XML字元數據 |
%x | 比賽格式為XML字元數據 |
%Y | 匹配線在十六進制中格式化 |
%y | 比賽格式化為十六進位 |
%A | 十六進制的位元組範圍 |
%w | 比賽的寬度，計數（寬）字符 |
%d | 比賽的大小，計數字節 |
%e | 比賽的結尾位元組偏移 |
%Z | 與選項-Z大致相符的編輯距離成本 |
%u | 僅選擇唯一行，除非使用選項-U |
%[hhhh]U | U+HHHH Unicode代碼點 |
%[CODE]= | 顏色代碼，例如ms ，請參閱顏色 |
%= | 關閉顏色 |
%1 %2 ... %9 | 比賽的第一個正則捕獲組捕獲，依此類推，最多為組%9 ，需要選項-P |
%[NUM]# | 小組捕獲NUM ；需要選項-P |
%[NUM]b | 組捕獲NUM的位元組偏移；需要選項-P |
%[NUM]e | 組捕獲NUM的結尾位元組偏移；需要選項-P |
%[NUM]d | 組的位元組長度捕捉NUM ；需要選項-P |
%[NUM]j | 小組將NUM捕獲為JSON；需要選項-P |
%[NUM]q | 小組捕獲NUM引用；需要選項-P |
%[NUM]x | 該組將NUM捕獲為XML；需要選項-P |
%[NUM]y | 小組捕獲NUM作為十六進制；需要選項-P |
%[NUM]v | 小組將NUM捕捉為CSV；需要選項-P |
%[NUM1|NUM2|...]# | 第一個組捕獲匹配的NUM ；需要選項-P |
%[NUM1|NUM2|...]b | 第一個組的位元組偏移捕獲匹配的NUM ；需要選項-P 。 |
%[NUM1|NUM2|...]e | 第一組的結尾位元組抵消了匹配的NUM ；需要選項-P 。 |
%[NUM1|NUM2|...]d | 第一組的位元組長度捕獲匹配的NUM ；需要選項-P 。 |
%[NUM1|NUM2|...]j | 第一個組捕獲了與JSON一樣匹配的NUM ；需要選項-P |
%[NUM1|NUM2|...]q | 第一個組捕獲匹配，引用的NUM ；需要選項-P |
%[NUM1|NUM2|...]x | 第一個群組捕獲與XML相符的NUM ；需要選項-P |
%[NUM1|NUM2|...]y | 第一個小組捕獲了與十六進制一樣匹配的NUM ；需要選項-P |
%[NUM1|NUM2|...]v | 第一個組捕獲與CSV相匹配的NUM ；需要選項-P |
%[NAME]# | d組捕獲NAME ；需要選項-P和捕獲模式(?<NAME>PATTERN) |
%[NAME]b | NAME D組捕獲的位元組偏移；需要選項-P和捕獲模式(?<NAME>PATTERN) 。 |
%[NAME]e | NAME D組捕獲的結尾位元組偏移；需要選項-P和捕獲模式(?<NAME>PATTERN) 。 |
%[NAME]d | NAME D組捕獲的位元組長度；需要選項-P和捕獲模式(?<NAME>PATTERN) 。 |
%[NAME]j | d group capture的NAME為json；需要選項-P和捕獲模式(?<NAME>PATTERN) |
%[NAME]q | NAME D組捕獲引用；需要選項-P和捕獲模式(?<NAME>PATTERN) |
%[NAME]x | d組NAME為XML；需要選項-P和捕獲模式(?<NAME>PATTERN) |
%[NAME]y | D群捕獲為十六NAME ；需要選項-P和捕獲模式(?<NAME>PATTERN) |
%[NAME]v | d組NAME為CSV；需要選項-P和捕獲模式(?<NAME>PATTERN) |
%[NAME1|NAME2|...]# | 匹配的NAME D組捕獲；需要選項-P和捕獲模式(?<NAME>PATTERN) |
%[NAME1|NAME2|...]b | 匹配的NAME D組捕獲的位元組偏移；需要選項-P和捕獲模式(?<NAME>PATTERN) |
%[NAME1|NAME2|...]e | 匹配的NAME D組捕獲的結尾位元組偏移；需要選項-P和捕獲模式(?<NAME>PATTERN) |
%[NAME1|NAME2|...]d | 匹配的NAME D組捕獲的位元組長度；需要選項-P和捕獲模式(?<NAME>PATTERN) |
%[NAME1|NAME2|...]j | 與JSON一樣匹配的NAME D組捕獲；需要選項-P和捕獲模式(?<NAME>PATTERN) |
%[NAME1|NAME2|...]q | 匹配，引用的NAME D組捕獲；需要選項-P和捕獲模式(?<NAME>PATTERN) |
%[NAME1|NAME2|...]x | 匹配的NAME D組捕獲為XML；需要選項-P和捕獲模式(?<NAME>PATTERN) |
%[NAME1|NAME2|...]y | 與十六進制一樣的NAME D組捕獲；需要選項-P和捕獲模式(?<NAME>PATTERN) |
%[NAME1|NAME2|...]v | 匹配的NAME D組捕獲為CSV；需要選項-P和捕獲模式(?<NAME>PATTERN) |
%G | 群組捕獲索引/匹配的名稱清單（請參閱註釋） |
%[TEXT1|TEXT2|...]G | 與匹配的群組捕獲索引索引的文字清單；需要選項-P |
%g | 比賽的組別捕獲索引或1個（請參閱註釋） |
%[TEXT1|TEXT2|...]g | 第一個文字由匹配的第一個群組捕獲索引索引；需要選項-P |
筆記：
%~ 。-o更改%O和%Q字段的輸出僅輸出匹配。-c ， -l和-o相應地更改%C ， %J ， %X和%Y的輸出[TEXT]部分是可選的，可能會省略。在場時，必須將參數放在[]括號中，例如%[,]F使用選項-H時，要輸出逗號，路徑名和分隔符號。%{width}n時，將數字欄位（例如%n填入。%{width}O或指定%{-width}O時，匹配的線字段（例如%O被切為寬度。%{-width}o或%{+width}o時為匹配字段（例如%o指定的，其中%{width}o無+/- sign cuts cuts匹配到指定的寬度。%[SEP]$和%u是開關，不要為輸出寫任何東西。%F ， %H ， %N ， %K ， %B ， %S和%G使用的分離器可以通過以%[SEP]$在現場之前更改。當沒有提供[SEP]時，將分離器歸還為預設的分離器或--separator指定的分離器。%u時，匹配行只能輸出一次，除非使用選項-u ， --ungroup或匹配newline時。-P時，群組捕獲索引值輸出的%g對應於模式中的交替匹配的子圖案的索引。例如， foo|bar與index 1和bar -P匹配foo 2。%[TEXT1|TEXT2|...]G和％g和%[TEXT1|TEXT2|...]g應該對應於組捕獲索引（請參見上面的注），IE TEXT1對於索引1輸出，IE ， TEXT2是索引2的輸出，依此類推。如果清單太短，則索引值是輸出或命名組捕獲的名稱是輸出。-T和--pretty如果未指定未指導[TEXT]部分，則將右式間距添加到字段%N和%K 。%+可以在--format-open中使用，以分別輸出路徑名標題和新線中斷。 field %+抑制%a ， %F ， %f ， %H ， %h和%p輸出。透過使用--format %O （按IS）和field %~ （輸出newline）省略標頭輸出和二元匹配檢查來更快地輸出匹配行，並
ug --format='%O%~' 'href=' index.html
同樣，但也顯示行號和列號：
ug --format='%n%k: %O%~' 'href=' index.html
相同，但在匹配多個模式時最多一次顯示一行，除非使用選項-u ：
ug --format='%u%n%k: %O%~' 'href=' index.html
將唯一匹配行數的列表串在一起，並以field %, ：
ug --format='%u%,%n' 'href=' index.html
要輸出僅具有字段%o的線的匹配部分（或帶有字段%O的選項-o ）：
ug --format='%o%~' "href=["'][^"']["']" index.html
將圖案匹配串在一起，因為CSV形式的字串和字段%v被逗號分隔，field %,
ug --format='%,%v' "href=["'][^"']["']" index.html
To output matches in CSV (comma-separated values), the same as option --csv (works with options -H , -n , -k , -b to add CSV values):
ug --format='"%[,]$%H%N%K%B%V%~%u"' 'href=' index.html
To output matches in AckMate format:
ug --format=":%f%~%n;%k %w:%O%~" 'href=' index.html
To output the sub-pattern indices 1, 2, and 3 on the left to the match for the three patterns foo , bar , and baz in file foobar.txt :
ug --format='%g: %o%~' 'foo|bar|baz' foobar.txt
Same, but using a file foos containing three lines with foo , bar , and baz , where option -F is used to match strings instead of regex:
ug -F -f foos --format='%g: %o%~' foobar.txt
To output one , two , and a word for the sub-patterns [fF]oo , [bB]ar , and any other word w+ , respectively, using argument [one|two|a word] with field %g indexed by sub-pattern (or group captures with option -P ):
ug --format='%[one|two|a word]g%~' '([fF]oo)|([bB]ar)|(w+)' foobar.txt
To output a list of group capture indices with %G separated by the word and instead of the default colons with %[ and ]$ , followed by the matching line:
ug -P --format='%[ and ]$%G%$%s%O%~' '(foo)|(ba((r)|(z)))' foobar.txt
Same, but showing names instead of numbers:
ug -P --format='%[ and ]$%[foo|ba|r|z]G%$%s%O%~' '(foo)|(ba(?:(r)|(z)))' foobar.txt
Note that option -P is required for general use of group captures for sub-patterns. Named sub-pattern matches may be used with PCRE2 and shown in the output:
ug -P --format='%[ and ]$%G%$%s%O%~' '(?P<foo>foo)|(?P<ba>ba(?:(?P<r>r)|(?P<z>z)))' foobar.txt
？回目錄
--replace=FORMAT
Replace matching patterns in the output by the specified FORMAT
with `%' fields. If -P is specified, FORMAT may include `%1' to
`%9', `%[NUM]#' and `%[NAME]#' to output group captures. A `%%'
outputs `%' and `%~' outputs a newline. See option --format,
`ugrep --help format' and `man ugrep' section FORMAT for details.
-y, --any-line
Any line is output (passthru). Non-matching lines are output as
context with a `-' separator. See also options -A, -B, and -C.
-P, --perl-regexp
Interpret PATTERN as a Perl regular expression.
--format=FORMAT
Output FORMAT-formatted matches. For example --format='%f:%n:%O%~'
outputs matching lines `%O' with filename `%f` and line number `%n'
followed by a newline `%~'. If -P is specified, FORMAT may include
`%1' to `%9', `%[NUM]#' and `%[NAME]#' to output group captures. A
`%%' outputs `%'. See `ugrep --help format' and `man ugrep'
section FORMAT for details. When option -o is specified, option -u
is also enabled. Context options -A, -B, -C and -y are ignored.
See customized output with --format for details on the FORMAT fields.
For option -o , the replacement is not automatically followed by a newline to allow for more flexibility in replacements. To output a newline, use %~ in the FORMAT string.
Use option -P to use group captures and backreferences. Capturing groups in regex patterns are parenthesized expressions (pattern) and the first is referenced in FORMAT by %1 , the second by %2 and so on. Named captures are of the form (?<NAME>pattern) and are referenced in FORMAT by %[NAME]# .
To display pattern matches with their sequential match number using --replace='%m:%o' where %m is the sequential match number and %o is the pattern matched:
ug --replace='%m:%o' pattern myfile.txt
Same, but passing the file through with option -y , while applying the replacements to the output:
ug -y --replace='%m:%o' pattern myfile.txt
To extract table cells from an HTML file using Perl matching ( -P ) to support group captures with lazy quantifier (.*?) , and translate the matches to a comma-separated list with format %,%1 (conconal comma and dition capalturecomma and dition capalture ）：
ug -P -o '<td>(.*?)</td>' --replace='%,%1' index.html
Same, but using --format='%,%1' instead and we do not need -o (note that --replace color-highlights matches shown on a terminal but --format does not):
ug -P '<td>(.*?)</td>' --format='%,%1' index.html
Same, but displaying the formatted matches line-by-line, with --replace or with --format :
ug -P -o '<td>(.*?)</td>' --replace='%,%1' index.html
ug -P '<td>(.*?)</td>' --format='%1%~' index.html
To collect all href URLs from all HTML and PHP files down the working directory, then sort them:
ug -r -thtml,php -P '<[^<>]+hrefh*=h*.([^x27"]+).' --format='%1%~' | sort -u
Same, but much easier by using the predefined html/href pattern:
ug -r -thtml,php -P -f html/href --format='%1%~' | sort -u
Same, but in this case select <script> src URLs when referencing http and https sites:
ug -r -thtml,php -P '<script.*srch*=h*.(https?:[^x27"]+).' --format='%1%~' | sort -u
？回目錄
--depth=[MIN,][MAX], -1, -2, -3, ... -9, -10, -11, -12, ...
Restrict recursive searches from MIN to MAX directory levels deep,
where -1 (--depth=1) searches the specified path without recursing
into subdirectories. Note that -3 -5, -3-5, and -35 search 3 to 5
levels deep. Enables -r if -R or -r is not specified.
-K [MIN,][MAX], --range=[MIN,][MAX], --min-line=MIN, --max-line=MAX
Start searching at line MIN, stop at line MAX when specified.
-m [MIN,][MAX], --min-count=MIN, --max-count=MAX
Require MIN matches, stop after MAX matches when specified. Output
MIN to MAX matches. For example, -m1 outputs the first match and
-cm1, (with a comma) counts nonzero matches. If -u is specified,
each individual match counts. See also option -K.
--max-files=NUM
Restrict the number of files matched to NUM. Note that --sort or
-J1 may be specified to produce replicable results. If --sort is
specified, the number of threads spawned is limited to NUM.
--sort[=KEY]
Displays matching files in the order specified by KEY in recursive
searches. Normally the ug command sorts by name whereas the ugrep
batch command displays matches in no particular order to improve
performance. The sort KEY can be `name' to sort by pathname
(default), `best' to sort by best match with option -Z (sort by
best match requires two passes over files, which is expensive),
`size' to sort by file size, `used' to sort by last access time,
`changed' to sort by last modification time and `created' to sort
by creation time. Sorting is reversed with `rname', `rbest',
`rsize', `rused', `rchanged', or `rcreated'. Archive contents are
not sorted. Subdirectories are sorted and displayed after matching
files. FILE arguments are searched in the same order as specified.
To show only up to the first 10 matching lines with FIXME in C++ files in the working directory and all subdirectories below:
ug -r -m10 -tc++ FIXME
Same, but recursively search up to two directory levels, meaning that ./ and ./sub/ are visited but not deeper:
ug -2 -m10 -tc++ FIXME
To show only the first two files that have one or more matches of FIXME in the list of files sorted by pathname, using --max-files=2 :
ug --sort -r --max-files=2 -tc++ FIXME
To search file install.sh for the occurrences of the word make after the first line, we use -K with line number 2 to start searching, where -n shows the line numbers in the output:
ug -n -K2 -w make install.sh
Same, but restricting the search to lines 2 to 40 (inclusive):
ug -n -K2,40 -w make install.sh
Same, but showing all lines 2 to 40 with -y :
ug -y -n -K2,40 -w make install.sh
Same, but showing only the first four matching lines after line 2, with one line of context:
ug -n -C1 -K2 -m4 -w make install.sh
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-Y, --empty
Permits empty matches. By default, empty matches are disabled,
unless a pattern begins with `^' or ends with `$'. Note that -Y
when specified with an empty-matching pattern, such as x? and x*,
match all input, not only lines containing the character `x'.
Option -Y permits empty pattern matches, like GNU/BSD grep. This option is introduced by ugrep to prevent accidental matching with empty patterns: empty-matching patterns such as x? and x* match all input, not only lines with x . By default, without -Y , patterns match lines with at least one x as intended.
This option is automatically enabled when a pattern starts with ^ or ends with $ is specified. For example, ^h*$ matches blank lines, including empty lines.
To recursively list files in the working directory with blank lines, ie lines with white space only, including empty lines (note that option -Y is implicitly enabled since the pattern starts with ^ and ends with $ ):
ug -l '^h*$'
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-i, --ignore-case
Perform case insensitive matching. By default, ugrep is case
sensitive. By default, this option applies to ASCII letters only.
Use options -P and -i for Unicode case insensitive matching.
-j, --smart-case
Perform case insensitive matching like option -i, unless a pattern
is specified with a literal ASCII upper case letter.
To match todo in myfile.cpp regardless of case:
ug -i 'todo' myfile.txt
To match todo XXX with todo in any case but XXX as given, with pattern (?i:todo) to match todo ignoring case:
ug '(?i:todo) XXX' myfile.cpp
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--sort[=KEY]
Displays matching files in the order specified by KEY in recursive
searches. Normally the ug command sorts by name whereas the ugrep
batch command displays matches in no particular order to improve
performance. The sort KEY can be `name' to sort by pathname
(default), `best' to sort by best match with option -Z (sort by
best match requires two passes over files, which is expensive),
`size' to sort by file size, `used' to sort by last access time,
`changed' to sort by last modification time and `created' to sort
by creation time. Sorting is reversed with `rname', `rbest',
`rsize', `rused', `rchanged', or `rcreated'. Archive contents are
not sorted. Subdirectories are sorted and displayed after matching
files. FILE arguments are searched in the same order as specified.
Matching files are displayed in the order specified by --sort per directory searched. By default, the ug command sorts by name whereas the output of the ugrep command is not sorted to improve performance, unless option -Q is used which sorts files by name. An optimized sorting method and strategy are implemented in the asynchronous output class to keep the overhead of sorting very low. Directories are displayed after files are displayed first, when recursing, which visually aids the user in finding the "closest" matching files first at the top of the displayed results.
To recursively search for C++ files that match main and sort them by date created:
ug --sort=created -tc++ 'main'
Same, but sorted by time changed from most recent to oldest:
ug --sort=rchanged -tc++ 'main'
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When searching non-binary files only, the binary content check is disabled with option -a ( --text ) to speed up searching and displaying pattern matches. For example, searching for lines with int in C++ source code:
ug -r -a -Ocpp -w 'int'
If a file has potentially many pattern matches, but each match is only one a single line, then option -u ( --ungroup ) can speed this up:
ug -r -a -u -Opython -w 'def'
Even greater speeds can be achieved with --format when searching files with many matches. For example, --format='%O%~' displays matching lines for each match on that line, while --format='%o%~' displays the matching part only. Note that the --format option does not check for binary matches, so the output is always "as is". To match text and binary, you can use --format='%C%~' to display matches formatted as quoted C++ strings with escapes. To display a line at most once (unless option -u is used), add the %u (unique) field to the format string, eg --format='%u%O%~' .
For example, to match all words recursively in the working directory with line and column numbers, where %n is the line number, %k is the column number, %o is the match (only matching), and %~ is a newline:
ug -r --format='%n,%k:%o%~' 'w+'
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To search for pattern -o in script.sh using -e to explicitly specify a pattern to prevent pattern -o from being interpreted as an option:
ug -n -e '-o' script.sh
Alternatively, using -- to end the list of command arguments:
ug -n -- '-o' script.sh
To recursively list all text files (.txt and .md) that do not properly end with a n ( -o is required to match n or z ):
ug -L -o -Otext 'nz'
To list all markdown sections in text files (.text, .txt, .TXT, and .md):
ug -o -ttext -e '^.*(?=r?n(===|---))' -e '^#{1,6}h+.*'
To display multi-line backtick and indented code blocks in markdown files with their line numbers, using a lazy quantifier *? to make the pattern compact:
ug -n -ttext -e '^```(.|n)*?n```' -e '^(t|[ ]{4}).*'
To find mismatched code (a backtick without matching backtick on the same line) in markdown:
ug -n -ttext -e '`[^`]+' -N '`[^`]*`'
？回目錄
UGREP(1) User Commands UGREP(1)
NAME
ugrep, ug -- file pattern searcher
SYNOPSIS
ugrep [OPTIONS] [-i] [-Q|PATTERN] [-e PATTERN] [-N PATTERN] [-f FILE]
[-F|-G|-P|-Z] [-U] [-m [MIN,][MAX]] [--bool [--files|--lines]]
[-r|-R|-1|...|-9|-10|...] [-t TYPES] [-g GLOBS] [--sort[=KEY]]
[-l|-c] [-o] [-n] [-k] [-b] [-A NUM] [-B NUM] [-C NUM] [-y]
[--color[=WHEN]|--colour[=WHEN]] [--pretty] [--pager[=COMMAND]]
[--hexdump|--csv|--json|--xml] [-I] [-z] [--zmax=NUM] [FILE ...]
DESCRIPTION
The ugrep utility searches any given input files, selecting files and
lines that match one or more patterns specified as regular expressions or
as fixed strings. A pattern matches multiple input lines when the
pattern's regular expression matches one or more newlines. An empty
pattern matches every line. Each input line that matches at least one of
the patterns is written to the standard output.
The ug command is intended for interactive searching, using a .ugrep
configuration file located in the working directory or home directory,
see CONFIGURATION. ug is equivalent to ugrep --config --pretty --sort to
load a .ugrep file, enhance the terminal output, and sort files by name.
The ugrep+ and ug+ commands are the same as the ugrep and ug commands,
but also use filters to search pdfs, documents, e-books, and image
metadata, when the corresponding filter tools are installed.
A list of matching files is produced with option -l (--files-with-
matches). Option -c (--count) counts the number of matching lines. When
combined with option -o, counts the total number of matches. When
combined with option -m1, (--min-count=1), skips files with zero matches.
The default pattern syntax is an extended form of the POSIX ERE syntax,
same as option -E (--extended-regexp). Try ug --help regex for help with
pattern syntax and how to use logical connectives to specify Boolean
search queries with option -% (--bool) to match lines and -%% (--bool
--files) to match files. Options -F (--fixed-strings), -G (--basic-
regexp) and -P (--perl-regexp) specify other pattern syntaxes.
Option -i (--ignore-case) ignores case in ASCII patterns. When combined
with option -P, ignores case in Unicode patterns. Option -j (--smart-
case) enables -i only if the search patterns are specified in lower case.
Fuzzy (approximate) search is specified with option -Z (--fuzzy) with an
optional argument to control character insertions, deletions, and/or
substitutions. Try ug --help fuzzy for help with fuzzy search.
Note that pattern `.' matches any non-newline character. Pattern `n'
matches a newline character. Multiple lines may be matched with patterns
that match one or more newline characters.
The empty pattern "" matches all lines. Other empty-matching patterns do
not. For example, the pattern `a*' will match one or more a's. Option
-Y forces empty matches for compatibility with other grep tools.
Option -f FILE matches patterns specified in FILE.
By default Unicode patterns are matched. Option -U (--ascii or --binary)
disables Unicode matching for ASCII and binary pattern matching. Non-
Unicode matching is more efficient.
ugrep accepts input of various encoding formats and normalizes the output
to UTF-8. When a UTF byte order mark is present in the input, the input
is automatically normalized. An input encoding format may be specified
with option --encoding.
If no FILE arguments are specified and standard input is read from a
terminal, recursive searches are performed as if -r is specified. To
force reading from standard input, specify `-' as a FILE argument.
Directories specified as FILE arguments are searched without recursing
deeper into subdirectories, unless -R, -r, or -2...-9 is specified to
search subdirectories recursively (up to the specified depth.)
Option -I (--ignore-binary) ignores binary files. A binary file is a
file with non-text content. A file with zero bytes or invalid UTF
formatting is considered binary.
Hidden files and directories are ignored in recursive searches. Option
-. (--hidden) includes hidden files and directories in recursive
searches.
To match the names of files to search and the names of directories to
recurse, one or more of the following options may be specified. Option
-O specifies one or more filename extensions to match. Option -t
specifies one or more file types to search (-t list outputs a list of
types.) Option -g specifies a gitignore-style glob pattern to match
filenames. Option --ignore-files specifies a file with gitignore-style
globs to ignore directories and files. Try ug --help globs for help with
filename and directory name matching. See also section GLOBBING.
Compressed files and archives are searched with option -z (--decompress).
When used with option --zmax=NUM, searches the contents of compressed
files and archives stored within archives up to NUM levels.
A query terminal user interface (TUI) is opened with -Q (--query) to
interactively specify search patterns and view search results. A PATTERN
argument requires -e PATTERN to start the query TUI with the specified
pattern.
Output to a terminal for viewing is enhanced with --pretty, which is
enabled by default with the ug command.
A terminal output pager is enabled with --pager.
Customized output is produced with option --format or --replace. Try ug
--help format for help with custom formatting of the output. Predefined
formats include CSV with option --csv, JSON with option --json, and XML
with option --xml. Hexdumps are output with option -X (--hex) or with
option --hexdump to customize hexdumps. See also section FORMAT.
A `--' signals the end of options; the rest of the parameters are FILE
arguments, allowing filenames to begin with a `-' character.
Long options may start with `--no-' to disable, when applicable.
ug --help WHAT displays help on options related to WHAT.
The following options are available:
-A NUM, --after-context=NUM
Output NUM lines of trailing context after matching lines. Places
a --group-separator between contiguous groups of matches. If -o
is specified, output the match with context to fit NUM columns
after the match or shortens the match. See also options -B, -C
and -y.
-a, --text
Process a binary file as if it were text. This is equivalent to
the --binary-files=text option. This option might output binary
garbage to the terminal, which can have problematic consequences
if the terminal driver interprets some of it as commands.
--all, -@
Search all files except hidden: cancel previous file and directory
search restrictions and cancel --ignore-binary and --ignore-files
when specified. Restrictions specified after this option, i.e. to
the right, are still applied. For example, -@I searches all
non-binary files and -@. searches all files including hidden
files. Note that hidden files and directories are never searched,
unless option -. or --hidden is specified.
--and [-e] PATTERN
Specify additional PATTERN that must match. Additional -e PATTERN
following this option is considered an alternative pattern to
match, i.e. each -e is interpreted as an OR pattern enclosed
within the AND. For example, -e A -e B --and -e C -e D matches
lines with (`A' or `B') and (`C' or `D'). Note that multiple -e
PATTERN are alternations that bind more tightly together than
--and. Option --stats displays the search patterns applied. See
also options --not, --andnot, --bool, --files and --lines.
--andnot [-e] PATTERN
Combines --and --not. See also options --and, --not and --bool.
-B NUM, --before-context=NUM
Output NUM lines of leading context before matching lines. Places
a --group-separator between contiguous groups of matches. If -o
is specified, output the match with context to fit NUM columns
before the match or shortens the match. See also options -A, -C
and -y.
-b, --byte-offset
The offset in bytes of a pattern match is displayed in front of
the respective matched line. When -u is specified, displays the
offset for each pattern matched on the same line. Byte offsets
are exact for ASCII, UTF-8 and raw binary input. Otherwise, the
byte offset in the UTF-8 normalized input is displayed.
--binary-files=TYPE
Controls searching and reporting pattern matches in binary files.
TYPE can be `binary', `without-match`, `text`, `hex` and
`with-hex'. The default is `binary' to search binary files and to
report a match without displaying the match. `without-match'
ignores binary matches. `text' treats all binary files as text,
which might output binary garbage to the terminal, which can have
problematic consequences if the terminal driver interprets some of
it as commands. `hex' reports all matches in hexadecimal.
`with-hex' only reports binary matches in hexadecimal, leaving
text matches alone. A match is considered binary when matching a
zero byte or invalid UTF. Short options are -a, -I, -U, -W and
-X.
--bool, -%, -%%
Specifies Boolean query patterns. A Boolean query pattern is
composed of `AND', `OR', `NOT' operators and grouping with `('
`)'. Spacing between subpatterns is the same as `AND', `|' is the
same as `OR' and a `-' is the same as `NOT'. The `OR' operator
binds more tightly than `AND'. For example, --bool 'A|B C|D'
matches lines with (`A' or `B') and (`C' or `D'), --bool 'A -B'
matches lines with `A' and not `B'. Operators `AND', `OR', `NOT'
require proper spacing. For example, --bool 'A OR B AND C OR D'
matches lines with (`A' or `B') and (`C' or `D'), --bool 'A AND
NOT B' matches lines with `A' without `B'. Quoted subpatterns are
matched literally as strings. For example, --bool 'A "AND"|"OR"'
matches lines with `A' and also either `AND' or `OR'. Parentheses
are used for grouping. For example, --bool '(A B)|C' matches
lines with `A' and `B', or lines with `C'. Note that all
subpatterns in a Boolean query pattern are regular expressions,
unless -F is specified. Options -E, -F, -G, -P and -Z can be
combined with --bool to match subpatterns as strings or regular
expressions (-E is the default.) This option does not apply to -f
FILE patterns. The double short option -%% enables options --bool
--files. Option --stats displays the Boolean search patterns
applied. See also options --and, --andnot, --not, --files and
--lines.
--break
Adds a line break between results from different files. This
option is enabled by --heading.
-C NUM, --context=NUM
Output NUM lines of leading and trailing context surrounding each
matching line. Places a --group-separator between contiguous
groups of matches. If -o is specified, output the match with
context to fit NUM columns before and after the match or shortens
the match. See also options -A, -B and -y.
-c, --count
Only a count of selected lines is written to standard output. If
-o or -u is specified, counts the number of patterns matched. If
-v is specified, counts the number of non-matching lines. If -m1,
(with a comma or --min-count=1) is specified, counts only matching
files without outputting zero matches.
--color[=WHEN], --colour[=WHEN]
Mark up the matching text with the colors specified with option
--colors or the GREP_COLOR or GREP_COLORS environment variable.
WHEN can be `never', `always', or `auto', where `auto' marks up
matches only when output on a terminal. The default is `auto'.
--colors=COLORS, --colours=COLORS
Use COLORS to mark up text. COLORS is a colon-separated list of
one or more parameters `sl=' (selected line), `cx=' (context
line), `mt=' (matched text), `ms=' (match selected), `mc=' (match
context), `fn=' (file name), `ln=' (line number), `cn=' (column
number), `bn=' (byte offset), `se=' (separator), `qp=' (TUI
prompt), `qe=' (TUI errors), `qr=' (TUI regex), `qm=' (TUI regex
meta characters), `ql=' (TUI regex lists and literals), `qb=' (TUI
regex braces). Parameter values are ANSI SGR color codes or `k'
(black), `r' (red), `g' (green), `y' (yellow), `b' (blue), `m'
(magenta), `c' (cyan), `w' (white), or leave empty for no color.
Upper case specifies background colors. A `+' qualifies a color
as bright. A foreground and a background color may be combined
with font properties `n' (normal), `f' (faint), `h' (highlight),
`i' (invert), `u' (underline). Parameter `hl' enables file name
hyperlinks. Parameter `rv' reverses the `sl=' and `cx='
parameters when option -v is specified. Selectively overrides
GREP_COLORS. Legacy grep single parameter codes may be specified,
for example --colors='7;32' or --colors=ig to set ms (match
selected).
--config[=FILE], ---[FILE]
Use configuration FILE. The default FILE is `.ugrep'. The
working directory is checked first for FILE, then the home
directory. The options specified in the configuration FILE are
parsed first, followed by the remaining options specified on the
command line. The ug command automatically loads a `.ugrep'
configuration file, unless --config=FILE or --no-config is
specified.
--no-config
Do not automatically load the default .ugrep configuration file.
--no-confirm
Do not confirm actions in -Q query TUI. The default is confirm.
--cpp Output file matches in C++. See also options --format and -u.
--csv Output file matches in CSV. If -H, -n, -k, or -b is specified,
additional values are output. See also options --format and -u.
-D ACTION, --devices=ACTION
If an input file is a device, FIFO or socket, use ACTION to
process it. By default, ACTION is `skip', which means that
devices are silently skipped. If ACTION is `read', devices read
just as if they were ordinary files.
-d ACTION, --directories=ACTION
If an input file is a directory, use ACTION to process it. By
default, ACTION is `skip', i.e., silently skip directories unless
specified on the command line. If ACTION is `read', warn when
directories are read as input. If ACTION is `recurse', read all
files under each directory, recursively, following symbolic links
only if they are on the command line. This is equivalent to the
-r option. If ACTION is `dereference-recurse', read all files
under each directory, recursively, following symbolic links. This
is equivalent to the -R option.
--delay=DELAY
Set the default -Q key response delay. Default is 3 for 300ms.
--depth=[MIN,][MAX], -1, -2, -3, ... -9, -10, -11, ...
Restrict recursive searches from MIN to MAX directory levels deep,
where -1 (--depth=1) searches the specified path without recursing
into subdirectories. The short forms -3 -5, -3-5 and -3,5 search
3 to 5 levels deep. Enables -r if -R or -r is not specified.
--dotall
Dot `.' in regular expressions matches anything, including
newline. Note that `.*' matches all input and should not be used.
-E, --extended-regexp
Interpret patterns as extended regular expressions (EREs). This is
the default.
-e PATTERN, --regexp=PATTERN
Specify a PATTERN to search the input. An input line is selected
if it matches any of the specified patterns. This option is
useful when multiple -e options are used to specify multiple
patterns, or when a pattern begins with a dash (`-'), or to
specify a pattern after option -f or after the FILE arguments.
--encoding=ENCODING
The encoding format of the input. The default ENCODING is binary
and UTF-8 which are the same. Note that option -U specifies
binary PATTERN matching (text matching is the default.) ENCODING
can be: `binary', `ASCII', `UTF-8', `UTF-16', `UTF-16BE',
`UTF-16LE', `UTF-32', `UTF-32BE', `UTF-32LE', `LATIN1',
`ISO-8859-1', `ISO-8859-2', `ISO-8859-3', `ISO-8859-4',
`ISO-8859-5', `ISO-8859-6', `ISO-8859-7', `ISO-8859-8',
`ISO-8859-9', `ISO-8859-10', `ISO-8859-11', `ISO-8859-13',
`ISO-8859-14', `ISO-8859-15', `ISO-8859-16', `MAC', `MACROMAN',
`EBCDIC', `CP437', `CP850', `CP858', `CP1250', `CP1251', `CP1252',
`CP1253', `CP1254', `CP1255', `CP1256', `CP1257', `CP1258',
`KOI8-R', `KOI8-U', `KOI8-RU'.
--exclude=GLOB
Exclude files whose name matches GLOB, same as -g ^GLOB. GLOB can
use **, *, ?, and [...] as wildcards and to quote a wildcard or
backslash character literally. When GLOB contains a `/', full
pathnames are matched. Otherwise basenames are matched. When
GLOB ends with a `/', directories are excluded as if --exclude-dir
is specified. Otherwise files are excluded. Note that --exclude
patterns take priority over --include patterns. GLOB should be
quoted to prevent shell globbing. This option may be repeated.
--exclude-dir=GLOB
Exclude directories whose name matches GLOB from recursive
searches, same as -g ^GLOB/. GLOB can use **, *, ?, and [...] as
wildcards and to quote a wildcard or backslash character
literally. When GLOB contains a `/', full pathnames are matched.
Otherwise basenames are matched. Note that --exclude-dir patterns
take priority over --include-dir patterns. GLOB should be quoted
to prevent shell globbing. This option may be repeated.
--exclude-from=FILE
Read the globs from FILE and skip files and directories whose name
matches one or more globs. A glob can use **, *, ?, and [...] as
wildcards and to quote a wildcard or backslash character
literally. When a glob contains a `/', full pathnames are
matched. Otherwise basenames are matched. When a glob ends with
a `/', directories are excluded as if --exclude-dir is specified.
Otherwise files are excluded. A glob starting with a `!'
overrides previously-specified exclusions by including matching
files. Lines starting with a `#' and empty lines in FILE are
ignored. When FILE is a `-', standard input is read. This option
may be repeated.
--exclude-fs=MOUNTS
Exclude file systems specified by MOUNTS from recursive searches.
MOUNTS is a comma-separated list of mount points or pathnames to
directories. When MOUNTS is not specified, only descends into the
file systems associated with the specified file and directory
search targets, i.e. excludes all other file systems. Note that
--exclude-fs=MOUNTS take priority over --include-fs=MOUNTS. This
option may be repeated.
-F, --fixed-strings
Interpret pattern as a set of fixed strings, separated by
newlines, any of which is to be matched. This makes ugrep behave
as fgrep. If a PATTERN is specified, or -e PATTERN or -N PATTERN,
then this option has no effect on -f FILE patterns to allow -f
FILE patterns to narrow or widen the scope of the PATTERN search.
-f FILE, --file=FILE
Read newline-separated patterns from FILE. White space in
patterns is significant. Empty lines in FILE are ignored. If
FILE does not exist, the GREP_PATH environment variable is used as
path to FILE. If that fails, looks for FILE in
/usr/local/share/ugrep/patterns. When FILE is a `-', standard
input is read. Empty files contain no patterns; thus nothing is
matched. This option may be repeated.
--filter=COMMANDS
Filter files through the specified COMMANDS first before
searching. COMMANDS is a comma-separated list of `exts:command
arguments', where `exts' is a comma-separated list of filename
extensions and `command' is a filter utility. Files matching one
of `exts' are filtered. A `*' matches any file. The specified
`command' may include arguments separated by spaces. An argument
may be quoted to include spacing, commas or a `%'. A `%' argument
expands into the pathname to search. For example,
--filter='pdf:pdftotext % -' searches PDF files. The `%' expands
into a `-' when searching standard input. When a `%' is not
specified, the filter command should read from standard input and
write to standard output. Option --label=.ext may be used to
specify extension `ext' when searching standard input. This
option may be repeated.
--filter-magic-label=[+]LABEL:MAGIC
Associate LABEL with files whose signature "magic bytes" match the
MAGIC regex pattern. Only files that have no filename extension
are labeled, unless +LABEL is specified. When LABEL matches an
extension specified in --filter=COMMANDS, the corresponding
command is invoked. This option may be repeated.
--format=FORMAT
Output FORMAT-formatted matches. For example
--format='%f:%n:%O%~' outputs matching lines `%O' with filename
`%f` and line number `%n' followed by a newline `%~'. If -P is
specified, FORMAT may include `%1' to `%9', `%[NUM]#' and
`%[NAME]#' to output group captures. A `%%' outputs `%'. See
`ugrep --help format' and `man ugrep' section FORMAT for details.
When option -o is specified, option -u is also enabled. Context
options -A, -B, -C and -y are ignored.
--free-space
Spacing (blanks and tabs) in regular expressions are ignored.
-G, --basic-regexp
Interpret patterns as basic regular expressions (BREs).
-g GLOBS, --glob=GLOBS, --iglob=GLOBS
Only search files whose name matches the specified comma-separated
list of GLOBS, same as --include=glob for each `glob' in GLOBS.
When a `glob' is preceded by a `!' or a `^', skip files whose name
matches `glob', same as --exclude='glob'. When `glob' contains a
`/', full pathnames are matched. Otherwise basenames are matched.
When `glob' ends with a `/', directories are matched, same as
--include-dir='glob' and --exclude-dir='glob'. A leading `/'
matches the working directory. Option --iglob performs
case-insensitive name matching. This option may be repeated and
may be combined with options -M, -O and -t to expand searches.
See `ugrep --help globs' and `man ugrep' section GLOBBING for
details.
--glob-ignore-case
Perform case-insensitive glob matching in general.
--group-separator[=SEP]
Use SEP as a group separator for context options -A, -B and -C.
The default is a double hyphen (`--').
--no-group-separator
Removes the group separator line from the output for context
options -A, -B and -C.
-H, --with-filename
Always print the filename with output lines. This is the default
when there is more than one file to search.
-h, --no-filename
Never print filenames with output lines. This is the default when
there is only one file (or only standard input) to search.
--heading, -+
Group matches per file. Adds a heading and a line break between
results from different files. This option is enabled by --pretty
when the output is sent to a terminal.
--help [WHAT], -? [WHAT]
Display a help message on options related to WHAT when specified.
In addition, `--help regex' displays an overview of regular
expressions, `--help globs' displays an overview of glob syntax
and conventions. `--help fuzzy' displays details of fuzzy search
with option -Z and `--help format' displays a list of --format
fields.
--hexdump[=[1-8][a][bch][A[NUM]][B[NUM]][C[NUM]]]
Output matches in 1 to 8 columns of 8 hexadecimal octets. The
default is 2 columns or 16 octets per line. Argument `a' outputs
a `*' for all hex lines that are identical to the previous hex
line, `b' removes all space breaks, `c' removes the character
column, `h' removes hex spacing, `A' includes up to NUM hex lines
after a match, `B' includes up to NUM hex lines before a match and
`C' includes up to NUM hex lines before and after a match.
Arguments `A', `B' and `C' are the same as options -A, -B and -C
when used with --hexdump. See also options -U, -W and -X.
--hidden, -.
Search hidden files and directories.
--hyperlink[=[PREFIX][+]]
Hyperlinks are enabled for file names when colors are enabled.
Same as --colors=hl. When PREFIX is specified, replaces file://
with PREFIX:// in the hyperlink. A `+' includes the line number
in the hyperlink and when option -k is specified, the column
number.
-I, --ignore-binary
Ignore matches in binary files. This option is equivalent to the
--binary-files=without-match option.
-i, --ignore-case
Perform case insensitive matching. By default, ugrep is case
sensitive. By default, this option applies to ASCII letters only.
Use options -P and -i for Unicode case insensitive matching.
--ignore-files[=FILE]
Ignore files and directories matching the globs in each FILE that
is encountered in recursive searches. The default FILE is
`.gitignore'. Matching files and directories located in the
directory of the FILE and in subdirectories below are ignored.
Globbing syntax is the same as the --exclude-from=FILE gitignore
syntax, but files and directories are excluded instead of only
files. Directories are specifically excluded when the glob ends
in a `/'. Files and directories explicitly specified as command
line arguments are never ignored. This option may be repeated to
specify additional files.
--no-ignore-files
Do not ignore files, i.e. cancel --ignore-files when specified.
--include=GLOB
Only search files whose name matches GLOB, same as -g GLOB. GLOB
can use **, *, ?, and [...] as wildcards and to quote a wildcard
or backslash character literally. When GLOB contains a `/', full
pathnames are matched. Otherwise basenames are matched. When
GLOB ends with a `/', directories are included as if --include-dir
is specified. Otherwise files are included. Note that --exclude
patterns take priority over --include patterns. GLOB should be
quoted to prevent shell globbing. This option may be repeated.
--include-dir=GLOB
Only directories whose name matches GLOB are included in recursive
searches, same as -g GLOB/. GLOB can use **, *, ?, and [...] as
wildcards and to quote a wildcard or backslash character
literally. When GLOB contains a `/', full pathnames are matched.
Otherwise basenames are matched. Note that --exclude-dir patterns
take priority over --include-dir patterns. GLOB should be quoted
to prevent shell globbing. This option may be repeated.
--include-from=FILE
Read the globs from FILE and search only files and directories
whose name matches one or more globs. A glob can use **, *, ?,
and [...] as wildcards and to quote a wildcard or backslash
character literally. When a glob contains a `/', full pathnames
are matched. Otherwise basenames are matched. When a glob ends
with a `/', directories are included as if --include-dir is
specified. Otherwise files are included. A glob starting with a
`!' overrides previously-specified inclusions by excluding
matching files. Lines starting with a `#' and empty lines in FILE
are ignored. When FILE is a `-', standard input is read. This
option may be repeated.
--include-fs=MOUNTS
Only file systems specified by MOUNTS are included in recursive
searches. MOUNTS is a comma-separated list of mount points or
pathnames to directories. When MOUNTS is not specified, restricts
recursive searches to the file system of the working directory,
same as --include-fs=. (dot). Note that --exclude-fs=MOUNTS take
priority over --include-fs=MOUNTS. This option may be repeated.
--index
Perform fast index-based recursive search. This option assumes,
but does not require, that files are indexed with ugrep-indexer.
This option also enables option -r or --recursive. Skips indexed
non-matching files, archives and compressed files. Significant
acceleration may be achieved on cold (not file-cached) and large
file systems, or any file system that is slow to search. Note
that the start-up time to search may be increased when complex
search patterns are specified that contain large Unicode character
classes combined with `*' or `+' repeats, which should be avoided.
Option -U (--ascii) improves performance. Option --stats displays
an index search report.
-J NUM, --jobs=NUM
Specifies the number of threads spawned to search files. By
default an optimum number of threads is spawned to search files
simultaneously. -J1 disables threading: files are searched in the
same order as specified.
-j, --smart-case
Perform case insensitive matching, unless a pattern is specified
with a literal upper case ASCII letter.
--json Output file matches in JSON. If -H, -n, -k, or -b is specified,
additional values are output. See also options --format and -u.
-K [MIN,][MAX], --range=[MIN,][MAX], --min-line=MIN, --max-line=MAX
Start searching at line MIN, stop at line MAX when specified.
-k, --column-number
The column number of a pattern match is displayed in front of the
respective matched line, starting at column 1. Tabs are expanded
in counting columns, see also option --tabs.
-L, --files-without-match
Only the names of files not containing selected lines are written
to standard output. Pathnames are listed once per file searched.
If the standard input is searched, the string ``(standard input)''
is written.
-l, --files-with-matches
Only the names of files containing selected lines are written to
standard output. ugrep will only search a file until a match has
been found, making searches potentially less expensive. Pathnames
are listed once per file searched. If the standard input is
searched, the string ``(standard input)'' is written.
--label=LABEL
Displays the LABEL value when input is read from standard input
where a file name would normally be printed in the output.
Associates a filename extension with standard input when LABEL has
a suffix. The default value is `(standard input)'.
--line-buffered
Force output to be line buffered instead of block buffered.
--lines
Boolean line matching mode for option --bool, the default mode.
-M MAGIC, --file-magic=MAGIC
Only search files matching the magic signature pattern MAGIC. The
signature "magic bytes" at the start of a file are compared to the
MAGIC regex pattern. When matching, the file will be searched.
When MAGIC is preceded by a `!' or a `^', skip files with matching
MAGIC signatures. This option may be repeated and may be combined
with options -O and -t to expand the search. Every file on the
search path is read, making searches potentially more expensive.
-m [MIN,][MAX], --min-count=MIN, --max-count=MAX
Require MIN matches, stop after MAX matches when specified.
Output MIN to MAX matches. For example, -m1 outputs the first
match and -cm1, (with a comma) counts nonzero matches. If -u is
specified, each individual match counts. See also option -K.
--match
Match all input. Same as specifying an empty pattern to search.
--max-files=NUM
Restrict the number of files matched to NUM. Note that --sort or
-J1 may be specified to produce replicable results. If --sort is
specified, the number of threads spawned is limited to NUM.
--mmap[=MAX]
Use memory maps to search files. By default, memory maps are used
under certain conditions to improve performance. When MAX is
specified, use up to MAX mmap memory per thread.
-N PATTERN, --neg-regexp=PATTERN
Specify a negative PATTERN to reject specific -e PATTERN matches
with a counter pattern. Note that longer patterns take precedence
over shorter patterns, i.e. a negative pattern must be of the same
length or longer to reject matching patterns. Option -N cannot be
specified with -P. This option may be repeated.
-n, --line-number
Each output line is preceded by its relative line number in the
file, starting at line 1. The line number counter is reset for
each file processed.
--not [-e] PATTERN
Specifies that PATTERN should not match. Note that -e A --not -e
B matches lines with `A' or lines without a `B'. To match lines
with `A' that have no `B', specify -e A --andnot -e B. Option
--stats displays the search patterns applied. See also options
--and, --andnot, --bool, --files and --lines.
-O EXTENSIONS, --file-extension=EXTENSIONS
Only search files whose filename extensions match the specified
comma-separated list of EXTENSIONS, same as -g '*.ext' for each
`ext' in EXTENSIONS. When an `ext' is preceded by a `!' or a `^',
skip files whose filename extensions matches `ext', same as -g
'^*.ext'. This option may be repeated and may be combined with
options -g, -M and -t to expand the recursive search.
-o, --only-matching
Only the matching part of a pattern match is output. If -A, -B or
-C is specified, fits the match and its context on a line within
the specified number of columns.
--only-line-number
Only the line number of a matching line is output. The line
number counter is reset for each file processed.
--files, -%%
Boolean file matching mode, the opposite of --lines. When
combined with option --bool, matches a file if all Boolean
conditions are satisfied. For example, --bool --files 'A B|C -D'
matches a file if some lines match `A', and some lines match
either `B' or `C', and no line matches `D'. See also options
--and, --andnot, --not, --bool and --lines. The double short
option -%% enables options --bool --files.
-P, --perl-regexp
Interpret PATTERN as a Perl regular expression using PCRE2. Note
that Perl pattern matching differs from the default grep POSIX
pattern matching.
-p, --no-dereference
If -R or -r is specified, do not follow symbolic links, even when
symbolic links are specified on the command line.
--pager[=COMMAND]
When output is sent to the terminal, uses COMMAND to page through
the output. COMMAND defaults to environment variable PAGER when
defined or `less'. Enables --heading and --line-buffered.
--pretty[=WHEN]
When output is sent to a terminal, enables --color, --heading, -n,
--sort, --tree and -T when not explicitly disabled. WHEN can be
`never', `always', or `auto'. The default is `auto'.
-Q[=DELAY], --query[=DELAY]
Query mode: start a TUI to perform interactive searches. This
mode requires an ANSI capable terminal. An optional DELAY
argument may be specified to reduce or increase the response time
to execute searches after the last key press, in increments of
100ms, where the default is 3 (300ms delay). No whitespace may be
given between -Q and its argument DELAY. Initial patterns may be
specified with -e PATTERN, i.e. a PATTERN argument requires option
-e. Press F1 or CTRL-Z to view the help screen. Press F2 or
CTRL-Y to invoke a command to view or edit the file shown at the
top of the screen. The command can be specified with option
--view and defaults to environment variable PAGER when defined, or
VISUAL or EDITOR. Press Tab or Shift-Tab to navigate directories
and to select a file to search. Press Enter to select lines to
output. Press ALT-l for option -l to list files, ALT-n for -n,
etc. Non-option commands include ALT-] to increase context and
ALT-} to increase fuzzyness. See also options --no-confirm,
--delay, --split and --view.
-q, --quiet, --silent
Quiet mode: suppress all output. Only search a file until a match
has been found.
-R, --dereference-recursive
Recursively read all files under each directory, following
symbolic links to files and directories, unlike -r.
-r, --recursive
Recursively read all files under each directory, following
symbolic links only if they are on the command line. Note that
when no FILE arguments are specified and input is read from a
terminal, recursive searches are performed as if -r is specified.
--replace=FORMAT
Replace matching patterns in the output by FORMAT with `%' fields.
If -P is specified, FORMAT may include `%1' to `%9', `%[NUM]#' and
`%[NAME]#' to output group captures. A `%%' outputs `%' and `%~'
outputs a newline. See also option --format, `ugrep --help
format' and `man ugrep' section FORMAT for details.
-S, --dereference-files
When -r is specified, follow symbolic links to files, but not to
directories. The default is not to follow symbolic links.
-s, --no-messages
Silent mode: nonexistent and unreadable files are ignored and
their error messages and warnings are suppressed.
--save-config[=FILE] [OPTIONS]
Save configuration FILE to include OPTIONS. Update FILE when
first loaded with --config=FILE. The default FILE is `.ugrep',
which is automatically loaded by the ug command. When FILE is a
`-', writes the configuration to standard output. Only part of
the OPTIONS are saved that do not cause searches to fail when
combined with other options. Additional options may be specified
by editing the saved configuration file. A configuration file may
be modified manually to specify one or more config[=FILE] to
indirectly load the specified FILE, but recursive config loading
is not allowed.
--separator[=SEP], --context-separator=SEP
Use SEP as field separator between file name, line number, column
number, byte offset and the matched line. The default separator
is a colon (`:') and a bar (`|') for multi-line pattern matches,
and a dash (`-') for context lines. See also option
--group-separator.
--split
Split the -Q query TUI screen on startup.
--sort[=KEY]
Displays matching files in the order specified by KEY in recursive
searches. Normally the ug command sorts by name whereas the ugrep
batch command displays matches in no particular order to improve
performance. The sort KEY can be `name' to sort by pathname
(default), `best' to sort by best match with option -Z (sort by
best match requires two passes over files, which is expensive),
`size' to sort by file size, `used' to sort by last access time,
`changed' to sort by last modification time and `created' to sort
by creation time. Sorting is reversed with `rname', `rbest',
`rsize', `rused', `rchanged', or `rcreated'. Archive contents are
not sorted. Subdirectories are sorted and displayed after
matching files. FILE arguments are searched in the same order as
specified.
--stats
Output statistics on the number of files and directories searched
and the inclusion and exclusion constraints applied.
-T, --initial-tab
Add a tab space to separate the file name, line number, column
number and byte offset with the matched line.
-t TYPES, --file-type=TYPES
Search only files associated with TYPES, a comma-separated list of
file types. Each file type corresponds to a set of filename
extensions passed to option -O and filenames passed to option -g.
For capitalized file types, the search is expanded to include
files with matching file signature magic bytes, as if passed to
option -M. When a type is preceded by a `!' or a `^', excludes
files of the specified type. Specifying the initial part of a
type name suffices when the choice is unambiguous. This option
may be repeated. The possible file types can be (-tlist displays
a list): `actionscript', `ada', `asm', `asp', `aspx', `autoconf',
`automake', `awk', `Awk', `basic', `batch', `bison', `c', `c++',
`clojure', `cpp', `csharp', `css', `csv', `dart', `Dart',
`delphi', `elisp', `elixir', `erlang', `fortran', `gif', `Gif',
`go', `groovy', `gsp', `haskell', `html', `jade', `java', `jpeg',
`Jpeg', `js', `json', `jsp', `julia', `kotlin', `less', `lex',
`lisp', `lua', `m4', `make', `markdown', `matlab', `node', `Node',
`objc', `objc++', `ocaml', `parrot', `pascal', `pdf', `Pdf',
`perl', `Perl', `php', `Php', `png', `Png', `prolog', `python',
`Python', `r', `rpm', `Rpm', `rst', `rtf', `Rtf', `ruby', `Ruby',
`rust', `scala', `scheme', `shell', `Shell', `smalltalk', `sql',
`svg', `swift', `tcl', `tex', `text', `tiff', `Tiff', `tt',
`typescript', `verilog', `vhdl', `vim', `xml', `Xml', `yacc',
`yaml', `zig'.
--tabs[=NUM]
Set the tab size to NUM to expand tabs for option -k. The value
of NUM may be 1 (no expansion), 2, 4, or 8. The default size is
8.
--tag[=TAG[,END]]
Disables colors to mark up matches with TAG. END marks the end of
a match if specified, otherwise TAG. The default is `___'.
--tree, -^
Output directories with matching files in a tree-like format for
option -c or --count, -l or --files-with-matches, -L or
--files-without-match. This option is enabled by --pretty when
the output is sent to a terminal.
-U, --ascii, --binary
Disables Unicode matching for ASCII and binary matching. PATTERN
matches bytes, not Unicode characters. For example, -U 'xa3'
matches byte A3 (hex) instead of the Unicode code point U+00A3
represented by the UTF-8 sequence C2 A3. See also option
--dotall.
-u, --ungroup
Do not group multiple pattern matches on the same matched line.
Output the matched line again for each additional pattern match.
-V, --version
Display version with linked libraries and exit.
-v, --invert-match
Selected lines are those not matching any of the specified
patterns.
--view[=COMMAND]
Use COMMAND to view/edit a file in -Q query TUI by pressing
CTRL-Y.
-W, --with-hex
Output binary matches in hexadecimal, leaving text matches alone.
This option is equivalent to the --binary-files=with-hex option.
To omit the matching line from the hex output, use both options -W
and --hexdump. See also options -U.
-w, --word-regexp
The PATTERN is searched for as a word, such that the matching text
is preceded by a non-word character and is followed by a non-word
character. Word-like characters are Unicode letters, digits and
connector punctuations such as underscore.
--width[=NUM]
Truncate the output to NUM visible characters per line. The width
of the terminal window is used if NUM is not specified. Note that
double wide characters in the output may result in wider lines.
-X, --hex
Output matches and matching lines in hexadecimal. This option is
equivalent to the --binary-files=hex option. To omit the matching
line from the hex output use option --hexdump. See also option
-U.
-x, --line-regexp
Select only those matches that exactly match the whole line, as if
the patterns are surrounded by ^ and $.
--xml Output file matches in XML. If -H, -n, -k, or -b is specified,
additional values are output. See also options --format and -u.
-Y, --empty
Permits empty matches. By default, empty matches are disabled,
unless a pattern begins with `^' or ends with `$'. With this
option, empty-matching patterns such as x? and x*, match all
input, not only lines containing the character `x'.
-y, --any-line, --passthru
Any line is output (passthru). Non-matching lines are output as
context with a `-' separator. See also options -A, -B and -C.
-Z[best][+-~][MAX], --fuzzy[=[best][+-~][MAX]]
Fuzzy mode: report approximate pattern matches within MAX errors.
The default is -Z1: one deletion, insertion or substitution is
allowed. If `+`, `-' and/or `~' is specified, then `+' allows
insertions, `-' allows deletions and `~' allows substitutions.
For example, -Z+~3 allows up to three insertions or substitutions,
but no deletions. If `best' is specified, then only the best
matching lines are output with the lowest cost per file. Option
-Zbest requires two passes over a file and cannot be used with
standard input or Boolean queries. Option --sort=best orders
matching files by best match. The first character of an
approximate match always matches a character at the beginning of
the pattern. To fuzzy match the first character, replace it with
a `.' or `.?'. Option -U applies fuzzy matching to ASCII and
bytes instead of Unicode text. No whitespace may be given between
-Z and its argument.
-z, --decompress
Search compressed files and archives. Archives (.cpio, .pax,
.tar) and compressed archives (e.g. .zip, .7z, .taz, .tgz, .tpz,
.tbz, .tbz2, .tb2, .tz2, .tlz, .txz, .tzst) are searched and
matching pathnames of files in archives are output in braces.
When used with option --zmax=NUM, searches the contents of
compressed files and archives stored within archives up to NUM
levels. If -g, -O, -M, or -t is specified, searches files stored
in archives whose filenames match globs, match filename
extensions, match file signature magic bytes, or match file types,
respectively. Supported compression formats: gzip (.gz), compress
(.Z), zip, 7z, bzip2 (requires suffix .bz, .bz2, .bzip2, .tbz,
.tbz2, .tb2, .tz2), lzma and xz (requires suffix .lzma, .tlz, .xz,
.txz), lz4 (requires suffix .lz4), zstd (requires suffix .zst,
.zstd, .tzst), brotli (requires suffix .br).
--zmax=NUM
When used with option -z (--decompress), searches the contents of
compressed files and archives stored within archives by up to NUM
expansion stages. The default --zmax=1 only permits searching
uncompressed files stored in cpio, pax, tar, zip and 7z archives;
compressed files and archives are detected as binary files and are
effectively ignored. Specify --zmax=2 to search compressed files
and archives stored in cpio, pax, tar, zip and 7z archives. NUM
may range from 1 to 99 for up to 99 decompression and de-archiving
steps. Increasing NUM values gradually degrades performance.
-0, --null
Output a zero-byte (NUL) after the file name. This option can be
used with commands such as `find -print0' and `xargs -0' to
process arbitrary file names.
EXIT STATUS
The ugrep utility exits with one of the following values:
0 One or more lines were selected.
1 No lines were selected.
>1 An error occurred.
If -q or --quiet or --silent is used and a line is selected, the exit
status is 0 even if an error occurred.
CONFIGURATION
The ug command is intended for context-dependent interactive searching
and is equivalent to the ugrep --config --pretty --sort command to load
the default configuration file `.ugrep' when present in the working
directory or in the home directory.
A configuration file contains `NAME=VALUE' pairs per line, where `NAME`
is the name of a long option (without `--') and `=VALUE' is an argument,
which is optional and may be omitted depending on the option. Empty
lines and lines starting with a `#' are ignored.
The --config=FILE option and its abbreviated form ---FILE load the
specified configuration file located in the working directory or, when
not found, located in the home directory. An error is produced when FILE
is not found or cannot be read.
Command line options are parsed in the following order: the configuration
file is loaded first, followed by the remaining options and arguments on
the command line.
The --save-config option saves a `.ugrep' configuration file to the
working directory with a subset of the options specified on the command
line. The --save-config=FILE option saves the configuration to FILE.
The configuration is written to standard output when FILE is a `-'.
GLOBBING
Globbing is used by options -g, --include, --include-dir, --include-from,
--exclude, --exclude-dir, --exclude-from and --ignore-files to match
pathnames and basenames in recursive searches. Glob arguments for these
options should be quoted to prevent shell globbing.
Globbing supports gitignore syntax and the corresponding matching rules,
except that a glob normally matches files but not directories. If a glob
ends in a path separator `/', then it matches directories but not files,
as if --include-dir or --exclude-dir is specified. When a glob contains
a path separator `/', the full pathname is matched. Otherwise the
basename of a file or directory is matched. For example, *.h matches
foo.h and bar/foo.h. bar/*.h matches bar/foo.h but not foo.h and not
bar/bar/foo.h. Use a leading `/' to force /*.h to match foo.h but not
bar/foo.h.
When a glob starts with a `^' or a `!' as in -g^GLOB, the match is
negated. Likewise, a `!' (but not a `^') may be used with globs in the
files specified --include-from, --exclude-from, and --ignore-files to
negate the glob match. Empty lines or lines starting with a `#' are
ignored.
Glob Syntax and Conventions
* Matches anything except /.
? Matches any one character except /.
[abc-e]
Matches one character a,b,c,d,e.
[^abc-e]
Matches one character not a,b,c,d,e,/.
[!abc-e]
Matches one character not a,b,c,d,e,/.
/ When used at the start of a glob, matches if pathname has no /.
When used at the end of a glob, matches directories only.
**/ Matches zero or more directories.
/** When used at the end of a glob, matches everything after the /.
? Matches a ? or any other character specified after the backslash.
Glob Matching Examples
* Matches a, b, x/a, x/y/b
a Matches a, x/a, x/y/a, but not b, x/b, a/a/b
/* Matches a, b, but not x/a, x/b, x/y/a
/a Matches a, but not x/a, x/y/a
a?b Matches axb, ayb, but not a, b, ab, a/b
a[xy]b Matches axb, ayb but not a, b, azb
a[a-z]b
Matches aab, abb, acb, azb, but not a, b, a3b, aAb, aZb
a[^xy]b
Matches aab, abb, acb, azb, but not a, b, axb, ayb
a[^a-z]b
Matches a3b, aAb, aZb but not a, b, aab, abb, acb, azb
a/*/b Matches a/x/b, a/y/b, but not a/b, a/x/y/b
**/a Matches a, x/a, x/y/a, but not b, x/b.
a/**/b Matches a/b, a/x/b, a/x/y/b, but not x/a/b, a/b/x
a/** Matches a/x, a/y, a/x/y, but not a, b/x
a?b Matches a?b, but not a, b, ab, axb, a/b
Note that exclude glob patterns take priority over include glob patterns
when specified with options -g, --exclude, --exclude-dir, --include and
include-dir.
Glob patterns specified with prefix `!' in any of the files associated
with --include-from, --exclude-from and --ignore-files will negate a
previous glob match. That is, any matching file or directory excluded by
a previous glob pattern specified in the files associated with --exclude-
from or --ignore-file will become included again. Likewise, any matching
file or directory included by a previous glob pattern specified in the
files associated with --include-from will become excluded again.
ENVIRONMENT
GREP_PATH
May be used to specify a file path to pattern files. The file
path is used by option -f to open a pattern file, when the pattern
file does not exist.
GREP_COLOR
May be used to specify ANSI SGR parameters to highlight matches
when option --color is used, e.g. 1;35;40 shows pattern matches in
bold magenta text on a black background. Deprecated in favor of
GREP_COLORS, but still supported.
GREP_COLORS
May be used to specify ANSI SGR parameters to highlight matches
and other attributes when option --color is used. Its value is a
colon-separated list of ANSI SGR parameters that defaults to
cx=33:mt=1;31:fn=1;35:ln=1;32:cn=1;32:bn=1;32:se=36 with
additional parameters for TUI colors
:qp=1;32:qe=1;37;41:qm=1;32:ql=36:qb=1;35. The mt=, ms=, and mc=
capabilities of GREP_COLORS take priority over GREP_COLOR. Option
--colors takes priority over GREP_COLORS.
GREP_COLORS
Colors are specified as string of colon-separated ANSI SGR parameters of
the form `what=substring', where `substring' is a semicolon-separated
list of ANSI SGR codes or `k' (black), `r' (red), `g' (green), `y'
(yellow), `b' (blue), `m' (magenta), `c' (cyan), `w' (white). Upper case
specifies background colors. A `+' qualifies a color as bright. A
foreground and a background color may be combined with one or more font
properties `n' (normal), `f' (faint), `h' (highlight), `i' (invert), `u'
(underline). Substrings may be specified for:
sl= selected lines.
cx= context lines.
rv swaps the sl= and cx= capabilities when -v is specified.
mt= matching text in any matching line.
ms= matching text in a selected line. The substring mt= by default.
mc= matching text in a context line. The substring mt= by default.
fn= filenames.
ln= line numbers.
cn= column numbers.
bn= byte offsets.
se= separators.
rv a Boolean parameter, switches sl= and cx= with option -v.
hl a Boolean parameter, enables filename hyperlinks (33]8;;link).
ne a Boolean parameter, disables ``erase in line'' 33[K.
qp= TUI prompt.
qe= TUI errors.
qr= TUI regex.
qm= TUI regex meta characters.
ql= TUI regex lists and literals.
qb= TUI regex braces.
FORMAT
Option --format=FORMAT specifies an output format for file matches.
Fields may be used in FORMAT, which expand into the following values:
%[TEXT]F
if option -H is used: TEXT, the file pathname and separator.
%f the file pathname.
%a the file basename without directory path.
%p the directory path to the file.
%z the file pathname in a (compressed) archive.
%[TEXT]H
if option -H is used: TEXT, the quoted pathname and separator, "
and \ replace " and .
%h the quoted file pathname, " and \ replace " and .
%[TEXT]I
if option -H is used: TEXT, the pathname as XML character data and
separator.
%i the file pathname as XML character data.
%[TEXT]N
if option -n is used: TEXT, the line number and separator.
%n the line number of the match.
%[TEXT]K
if option -k is used: TEXT, the column number and separator.
%k the column number of the match.
%[TEXT]B
if option -b is used: TEXT, the byte offset and separator.
%b the byte offset of the match.
%[TEXT]T
if option -T is used: TEXT and a tab character.
%t a tab character.
%[SEP]$
set field separator to SEP for the rest of the format fields.
%[TEXT]<
if the first match: TEXT.
%[TEXT]>
if not the first match: TEXT.
%, if not the first match: a comma, same as %[,]>.
%: if not the first match: a colon, same as %[:]>.
%; if not the first match: a semicolon, same as %[;]>.
%| if not the first match: a vertical bar, same as %[|]>.
%[TEXT]S
if not the first match: TEXT and separator, see also %[SEP]$.
%s the separator, see also %[TEXT]S and %[SEP]$.
%~ a newline character.
%M the number of matching lines
%m the number of matches
%O the matching line is output as a raw string of bytes.
%o the match is output as a raw string of bytes.
%Q the matching line as a quoted string, " and \ replace " and .
%q the match as a quoted string, " and \ replace " and .
%C the matching line formatted as a quoted C/C++ string.
%c the match formatted as a quoted C/C++ string.
%J the matching line formatted as a quoted JSON string.
%j the match formatted as a quoted JSON string.
%V the matching line formatted as a quoted CSV string.
%v the match formatted as a quoted CSV string.
%X the matching line formatted as XML character data.
%x the match formatted as XML character data.
%w the width of the match, counting wide characters.
%d the size of the match, counting bytes.
%e the ending byte offset of the match.
%Z the edit distance cost of an approximate match with option -Z
%u select unique lines only, unless option -u is used.
%1 the first regex group capture of the match, and so on up to group
%9, same as %[1]#; requires option -P.
%[NUM]#
the regex group capture NUM; requires option -P.
%[NUM]b
the byte offset of the group capture NUM; requires option -P. Use
e for the ending byte offset and d for the byte length.
%[NUM1|NUM2|...]#
the first group capture NUM that matched; requires option -P.
%[NUM1|NUM2|...]b
the byte offset of the first group capture NUM that matched;
requires option -P. Use e for the ending byte offset and d for
the byte length.
%[NAME]#
the NAMEd group capture; requires option -P and capturing pattern
`(?<NAME>PATTERN)', see also %G.
%[NAME]b
the byte offset of the NAMEd group capture; requires option -P and
capturing pattern `(?<NAME>PATTERN)'. Use e for the ending byte
offset and d for the byte length.
%[NAME1|NAME2|...]#
the first NAMEd group capture that matched; requires option -P and
capturing pattern `(?<NAME>PATTERN)', see also %G.
%[NAME1|NAME2|...]b
the byte offset of the first NAMEd group capture that matched;
requires option -P and capturing pattern `(?<NAME>PATTERN)'. Use
e for the ending byte offset and d for the byte length.
%G list of group capture indices/names that matched; requires option
-P.
%[TEXT1|TEXT2|...]G
list of TEXT indexed by group capture indices that matched;
requires option -P.
%g the group capture index/name matched or 1; requires option -P.
%[TEXT1|TEXT2|...]g
the first TEXT indexed by the first group capture index that
matched; requires option -P.
%% the percentage sign.
Formatted output is written without a terminating newline, unless %~ or
`n' is explicitly specified in the format string.
The [TEXT] part of a field is optional and may be omitted. When present,
the argument must be placed in [] brackets, for example %[,]F to output a
comma, the pathname, and a separator.
%[SEP]$ and %u are switches and do not send anything to the output.
The separator used by the %F, %H, %I, %N, %K, %B, %S and %G fields may be
changed by preceding the field by %[SEP]$. When [SEP] is not provided,
this reverts the separator to the default separator or the separator
specified with --separator.
Formatted output is written for each matching pattern, which means that a
line may be output multiple times when patterns match more than once on
the same line. If field %u is specified anywhere in a format string,
matching lines are output only once, unless option -u, --ungroup is
specified or when more than one line of input matched the search pattern.
Additional formatting options:
--format-begin=FORMAT
the FORMAT when beginning the search.
--format-open=FORMAT
the FORMAT when opening a file and a match was found.
--format-close=FORMAT
the FORMAT when closing a file and a match was found.
--format-end=FORMAT
the FORMAT when ending the search.
The context options -A, -B, -C, -y, and display options --break,
--heading, --color, -T, and --null have no effect on formatted output.
EXAMPLES
Display lines containing the word `patricia' in `myfile.txt':
$ ugrep -w patricia myfile.txt
Display lines containing the word `patricia', ignoring case:
$ ugrep -wi patricia myfile.txt
Display lines approximately matching the word `patricia', ignoring case
and allowing up to 2 spelling errors using fuzzy search:
$ ugrep -Z2 -wi patricia myfile.txt
Count the number of lines containing `patricia', ignoring case:
$ ugrep -cwi patricia myfile.txt
Count the number of words `patricia', ignoring case:
$ ugrep -cowi patricia myfile.txt
List lines with `amount' and a decimal, ignoring case (space is AND):
$ ugrep -i -% 'amount +(.+)?' myfile.txt
Alternative query:
$ ugrep -wi -e amount --and '+(.+)?' myfile.txt
List all Unicode words in a file:
$ ugrep -o 'w+' myfile.txt
List the laughing face emojis (Unicode code points U+1F600 to U+1F60F):
$ ugrep -o '[x{1F600}-x{1F60F}]' myfile.txt
Check if a file contains any non-ASCII (i.e. Unicode) characters:
$ ugrep -q '[^[:ascii:]]' myfile.txt && echo "contains Unicode"
Display the line and column number of `FIXME' in C++ files using
recursive search, with one line of context before and after a matched
line:
$ ugrep -C1 -R -n -k -tc++ FIXME
Display the line and column number of `FIXME' in long Javascript files
using recursive search, showing only matches with up to 10 characters of
context before and after:
$ ugrep -o -C20 -R -n -k -tjs FIXME
Find blocks of text between lines matching BEGIN and END by using a lazy
quantifier `*?' to match only what is necessary and pattern `n' to match
newlines:
$ ugrep -n 'BEGIN.*n(.*n)*?.*END' myfile.txt
Likewise, list the C/C++ comments in a file and line numbers:
$ ugrep -n -e '//.*' -e '/*(.*n)*?.**+/' myfile.cpp
The same, but using predefined pattern c++/comments:
$ ugrep -n -f c++/comments myfile.cpp
List the lines that need fixing in a C/C++ source file by looking for the
word `FIXME' while skipping any `FIXME' in quoted strings:
$ ugrep -e FIXME -N '"(\.|\r?n|[^\n"])*"' myfile.cpp
The same, but using predefined pattern cpp/zap_strings:
$ ugrep -e FIXME -f cpp/zap_strings myfile.cpp
Find lines with `FIXME' or `TODO', showing line numbers:
$ ugrep -n -e FIXME -e TODO myfile.cpp
Find lines with `FIXME' that also contain `urgent':
$ ugrep -n -e FIXME --and urgent myfile.cpp
The same, but with a Boolean query pattern (a space is AND):
$ ugrep -n -% 'FIXME urgent' myfile.cpp
Find lines with `FIXME' that do not also contain `later':
$ ugrep -n -e FIXME --andnot later myfile.cpp
The same, but with a Boolean query pattern (a space is AND, - is NOT):
$ ugrep -n -% 'FIXME -later' myfile.cpp
Output a list of line numbers of lines with `FIXME' but not `later':
$ ugrep -e FIXME --andnot later --format='%,%n' myfile.cpp
Recursively list all files with both `FIXME' and `LICENSE' anywhere in
the file, not necessarily on the same line:
$ ugrep -l -%% 'FIXME LICENSE'
Find lines with `FIXME' in the C/C++ files stored in a tarball:
$ ugrep -z -tc++ -n FIXME project.tgz
Recursively find lines with `FIXME' in C/C++ files, but do not search any
`bak' and `old' directories:
$ ugrep -n FIXME -tc++ -g^bak/,^old/
Recursively search for the word `copyright' in cpio, jar, pax, tar, zip,
7z archives, compressed and regular files, and in PDFs using a PDF
filter:
$ ugrep -z -w --filter='pdf:pdftotext % -' copyright
Match the binary pattern `A3hhhhA3' (hex) in a binary file without
Unicode pattern matching -U (which would otherwise match `xaf' as a
Unicode character U+00A3 with UTF-8 byte sequence C2 A3) and display the
results in hex with --hexdump with C1 to output one hex line before and
after each match:
$ ugrep -U --hexdump=C1 'xa3[x00-xff]{2}xa3' a.out
Hexdump an entire file using a pager for viewing:
$ ugrep -X --pager '' a.out
List all files that are not ignored by one or more `.gitignore':
$ ugrep -l '' --ignore-files
List all files containing a RPM signature, located in the `rpm' directory
and recursively below up to two levels deeper (3 levels total):
$ ugrep -3 -l -tRpm '' rpm/
Monitor the system log for bug reports and ungroup multiple matches on a
line:
$ tail -f /var/log/system.log | ugrep -u -i -w bug
Interactive fuzzy search with Boolean search queries:
$ ugrep -Q -l -% -Z3 --sort=best
Display all words in a MacRoman-encoded file that has CR newlines:
$ ugrep --encoding=MACROMAN 'w+' mac.txt
Display options related to "fuzzy" searching:
$ ugrep --help fuzzy
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 2021,2024 Robert A. van Engelen <[email protected]>
ugrep is released under the BSD-3 license. All parts of the software
have reasonable copyright terms permitting free redistribution. This
includes the ability to reuse all or parts of the ugrep source tree.
SEE ALSO
ugrep-indexer(1), grep(1), zgrep(1).
BUGS
Report bugs at: <https://github.com/Genivia/ugrep/issues>
ugrep 7.1.1 November 29, 2024 UGREP(1)
？回目錄
For PCRE regex patterns with option -P , please see the PCRE documentation https://www.pcre.org/original/doc/html/pcrepattern.html. The pattern syntax has more features than the pattern syntax described below. For the patterns in common the syntax and meaning are the same.
Note that [[:space:]] and s and inverted bracket lists [^...] are modified in ugrep to prevent matching newlines n . This modification is done to replicate the behavior of grep.
An empty pattern is a special case that matches everything except empty files, ie does not match zero-length files, as per POSIX.1 grep standard.
A regex pattern is an extended set of regular expressions (ERE), with nested sub-expression patterns φ and ψ :
| 圖案 | 火柴 |
|---|---|
x | matches the character x , where x is not a special character |
. | matches any single character except newline (unless in dotall mode) |
. | 匹配. (dot), special characters are escaped with a backslash |
n | matches a newline, others are a (BEL), b (BS), t (HT), v (VT), f (FF), and r (CR) |
| matches the NUL character |
cX | matches the control character X mod 32 (eg cA is x01 ) |
141 | matches an 8-bit character with octal value 141 , ie a |
x7f | matches an 8-bit character with hexadecimal value 7f |
x{3B1} | matches Unicode character U+03B1, ie α |
u{3B1} | matches Unicode character U+03B1, ie α |
o{141} | matches Unicode character U+0061, ie a , in octal |
p{C} | matches a character in Unicode category C |
Q...E | matches the quoted content between Q and E literally |
[abc] | matches one of a , b , or c |
[0-9] | matches a digit 0 to 9 |
[^0-9] | matches any character except a digit and excluding n |
φ? | matches φ zero or one time (optional) |
φ* | matches φ zero or more times (repetition) |
φ+ | matches φ one or more times (repetition) |
φ{2,5} | matches φ two to five times (repetition) |
φ{2,} | matches φ at least two times (repetition) |
φ{2} | matches φ exactly two times (repetition) |
φ?? | matches φ zero or once as needed (lazy optional) |
φ*? | matches φ a minimum number of times as needed (lazy repetition) |
φ+? | matches φ a minimum number of times at least once as needed (lazy repetition) |
φ{2,5}? | matches φ two to five times as needed (lazy repetition) |
φ{2,}? | matches φ at least two times or more as needed (lazy repetition) |
φψ | matches φ then matches ψ (concatenation) |
φ⎮ψ | matches φ or matches ψ (alternation) |
(φ) | matches φ as a group |
(?:φ) | matches φ as a group without capture |
(?=φ) | matches φ without consuming it, ie lookahead (without option -P : nothing may occur after (?=φ) ) |
(?^φ) | matches φ and ignores it, marking everything in the pattern as a non-match |
^φ | matches φ at the start of input or start of a line (nothing may occur before ^ ) |
φ$ | matches φ at the end of input or end of a line (nothing may occur after $ ) |
Aφ | matches φ at the start of input (nothing may occur before A ) |
φz | matches φ at the end of input (nothing may occur after z ) |
bφ | matches φ starting at a word boundary (without option -P : nothing may occur before b ) |
φb | matches φ ending at a word boundary (without option -P : nothing may occur after b ) |
Bφ | matches φ starting at a non-word boundary (without option -P : nothing may occur before B ) |
φB | matches φ ending at a non-word boundary (without option -P : nothing may occur after B ) |
<φ | matches φ that starts a word (without option -P : nothing may occur before < ) |
>φ | matches φ that starts a non-word (without option -P : nothing may occur before > ) |
φ< | matches φ that ends a non-word (without option -P : nothing may occur after < ) |
φ> | matches φ that ends a word (without option -P : nothing may occur after > ) |
(?i:φ) | matches φ ignoring case |
(?s:φ) | . (dot) in φ matches newline |
(?x:φ) | ignore all whitespace and comments in φ |
(?#:X) | all of X is skipped as a comment |
The order of precedence for composing larger patterns from sub-patterns is as follows, from high to low precedence:
(φ) , (?:φ) , (?=φ) , and inline modifiers (?imsux:φ)? , * , + , {n,m}φψ^ , $ , < , > , b , B , A , zφ|ψ(?imsux)φ？回目錄
Character classes in bracket lists represent sets of characters. Sets can be negated (inverted), subtracted, intersected, and merged (not supported by PCRE2 with option -P ):
| 圖案 | 火柴 |
|---|---|
[a-zA-Z] | matches a letter |
[^a-zA-Z] | matches a non-letter (character class negation), newlines are not matched |
[az−−[aeiou]] | matches a consonant (character class subtraction) |
[az&&[^aeiou]] | matches a consonant (character class intersection) |
[az⎮⎮[AZ]] | matches a letter (character class union) |
Bracket lists cannot be empty, so [] and [^] are invalid. In fact, the first character after the bracket is always part of the list. So [][] is a list that matches a ] and a [ , [^][] is a list that matches anything but ] and [ , and [-^] is a list that matches a - and a ^ .
Negated character classes such as [^az] do not match newlines for compatibility with traditional grep pattern matching.
？回目錄
The POSIX form can only be used in bracket lists, for example [[:lower:][:digit:]] matches an ASCII lower case letter or a digit.
You can also use the p{C} form for class C and upper case P{C} form that has the same meaning as p{^C} , which matches any character except characters in the class C . For example, P{ASCII} is the same as p{^ASCII} which is the same as [[:^ascii]] .
| POSIX form | 火柴 |
|---|---|
[:ascii:] | matches an ASCII character U+0000 to U+007F including n |
[:space:] | matches a white space character [ tvfr] excluding n |
[:xdigit:] | matches a hex digit [0-9A-Fa-f] |
[:cntrl:] | matches a control character [x00-tx0b-x1fx7f] excluding n |
[:print:] | matches a printable character [x20-x7e] |
[:alnum:] | matches a alphanumeric character [0-9A-Za-z] |
[:alpha:] | matches a letter [A-Za-z] |
[:blank:] | matches a blank character h same as [ t] |
[:digit:] | matches a digit [0-9] |
[:graph:] | matches a visible character [x21-x7e] |
[:lower:] | matches a lower case letter [az] |
[:punct:] | matches a punctuation character [x21-x2fx3a-x40x5b-x60x7b-x7e] |
[:upper:] | matches an upper case letter [AZ] |
[:word:] | matches a word character [0-9A-Za-z_] |
[:^blank:] | matches a non-blank characater H same as [^ t] |
[:^digit:] | matches a non-digit [^0-9] |
POSIX character categories only cover ASCII, [[:^ascii]] is empty and therefore invalid to use. By contrast, [^[:ascii]] is a Unicode character class that excludes the ASCII character category.
Note that the patterns [[:ascii:]] and negated classes such as [[:^digit:]] match newlines, which is the official definition of these POSIX categories. By contrast, GNU/BSD grep never match newlines. As a consequence, more patterns may match.
Negated character classes of the form [^...] match any Unicode character except the given characters and does not match newlines either. For example [^[:digit:]] matches non-digits (including Unicode) and does not match newlines. By contrast, [[:^digit:]] matches ASCII non-digits, including newlines.
Option -U disables Unicode wide-character matching, ie ASCII matching.
| Unicode category | 火柴 |
|---|---|
. | matches any single Unicode character except newline n unless with --dotall |
a | matches BEL U+0007 |
d | matches a digit [0-9] or p{Nd} |
D | matches a non-digit including n |
e | matches ESC U+001b |
f | matches FF U+000c |
h | matches a blank [ t] |
H | matches a non-blank [^ t] including n |
l | matches a lower case letter p{Ll} |
n | matches LF U+000a |
N | matches a non-LF character |
r | matches CR U+000d |
R | matches a Unicode line break ( rn , r , v , f , n , U+0085, U+2028 and U+2029) |
s | matches a white space character [ tvfrx85p{Z}] excluding n |
S | matches a non-white space character and excluding n |
t | matches TAB U+0009 |
u | matches an upper case letter p{Lu} |
v | matches VT U+000b or vertical space character with option -P |
w | matches a word character [0-9A-Za-z_] or [p{L}p{Nd}p{Pc}] |
W | matches a non-Unicode word character including n |
X | matches any ISO-8859-1 or Unicode character including n |
p{Space} | matches a white space character [ tvfrx85p{Z}] excluding n |
p{Unicode} | matches any Unicode character U+0000 to U+10FFFF minus U+D800 to U+DFFF |
p{ASCII} | matches an ASCII character U+0000 to U+007F including n |
p{Non_ASCII_Unicode} | matches a non-ASCII character U+0080 to U+10FFFF minus U+D800 to U+DFFF |
p{L&} | matches a character with Unicode property L& (ie property Ll, Lu, or Lt) |
p{Letter} , p{L} | matches a character with Unicode property Letter |
p{Mark} , p{M} | matches a character with Unicode property Mark |
p{Separator} , p{Z} | matches a character with Unicode property Separator |
p{Symbol} , p{S} | matches a character with Unicode property Symbol |
p{Number} , p{N} | matches a character with Unicode property Number |
p{Punctuation} , p{P} | matches a character with Unicode property Punctuation |
p{Other} , p{C} | matches a character with Unicode property Other |
p{Lowercase_Letter} , p{Ll} | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Ll |
p{Uppercase_Letter} , p{Lu} | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Lu |
p{Titlecase_Letter} , p{Lt} | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Lt |
p{Modifier_Letter} , p{Lm} | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Lm |
p{Other_Letter} , p{Lo} | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Lo |
p{Non_Spacing_Mark} , p{Mn} | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Mn |
p{Spacing_Combining_Mark} , p{Mc} | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Mc |
p{Enclosing_Mark} , p{Me} | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Me |
p{Space_Separator} , p{Zs} | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Zs |
p{Line_Separator} , p{Zl} | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Zl |
p{Paragraph_Separator} , p{Zp} | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Zp |
p{Math_Symbol} , p{Sm} | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Sm |
p{Currency_Symbol} , p{Sc} | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Sc |
p{Modifier_Symbol} , p{Sk} | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Sk |
p{Other_Symbol} , p{So} | matches a character with Unicode sub-property So |
p{Decimal_Digit_Number} , p{Nd} | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Nd |
p{Letter_Number} , p{Nl} | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Nl |
p{Other_Number} , p{No} | matches a character with Unicode sub-property No |
p{Dash_Punctuation} , p{Pd} | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Pd |
p{Open_Punctuation} , p{Ps} | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Ps |
p{Close_Punctuation} , p{Pe} | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Pe |
p{Initial_Punctuation} , p{Pi} | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Pi |
p{Final_Punctuation} , p{Pf} | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Pf |
p{Connector_Punctuation} , p{Pc} | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Pc |
p{Other_Punctuation} , p{Po} | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Po |
p{Control} , p{Cc} | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Cc |
p{Format} , p{Cf} | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Cf |
p{UnicodeIdentifierStart} | matches a character in the Unicode IdentifierStart class |
p{UnicodeIdentifierPart} | matches a character in the Unicode IdentifierPart class |
p{IdentifierIgnorable} | matches a character in the IdentifierIgnorable class |
p{JavaIdentifierStart} | matches a character in the Java IdentifierStart class |
p{JavaIdentifierPart} | matches a character in the Java IdentifierPart class |
p{CsIdentifierStart} | matches a character in the C# IdentifierStart class |
p{CsIdentifierPart} | matches a character in the C# IdentifierPart class |
p{PythonIdentifierStart} | matches a character in the Python IdentifierStart class |
p{PythonIdentifierPart} | matches a character in the Python IdentifierPart class |
To specify a Unicode block as a category use p{IsBlockName} with a Unicode BlockName .
To specify a Unicode language script, use p{Language} with a Unicode Language .
Unicode language script character classes differ from the Unicode blocks that have a similar name. For example, the p{Greek} class represents Greek and Coptic letters and differs from the Unicode block p{IsGreek} that spans a specific Unicode block of Greek and Coptic characters only, which also includes unassigned characters.
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For the pattern syntax of ugrep option -P (Perl regular expressions), see for example Perl regular expression syntax. However, ugrep enhances the Perl regular expression syntax with all of the features listed in POSIX regular expression syntax.
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If something is not working, then please check the tutorial and the man page. If you can't find it there and it looks like a bug, then report an issue on GitHub. Bug reports are quickly addressed.
Copyright (c) Robert van Engelen, 2024
